表土结皮形成影响因素述评

西北干旱半干旱地区,表土结皮普遍发育,其形成受诸多因素影响。土壤质地是影响表土结皮形成的最重要因素。此外,团聚体稳定性、表面粗糙度、矿物质和交换性离子浓度、降雨历时、降雨强度、前期含水量、湿润速度等因素同样对结皮的形成具有重要影响。结皮的形成可以简要归纳为两个主要过程,一是团聚体的分散,二是分散后的粘粒阻塞土壤孔隙。因此团聚体稳定性和粘粒含量是影响表土结皮形成的关键。研究发现,土壤中粘粒含量为20%～30%时,极易形成结皮,当粘粒含量超过40%时,团聚体变得较为稳定,结皮形成受到一定抑制。此外,土壤中如果富含蒙脱石矿物,或者土壤溶液具有较低的交换性钠离子和电解质浓度,则表土结皮易于形成。前期含水量和湿润速度对结皮形成也同样具有重要影响。试验表明,粘粒含量较高的试样在较低的前期含水量情况下更容易形成结皮,因为稳定性较高的团聚体在干燥条件下更容易因迅速湿润而崩解。湿润速度对表土结皮的影响作用随着粘粒含量的增加而增大,但在土壤结构不稳定条件下,其影响作用受到很大限制。影响结皮形成的各因素并不是孤立的,它们之间互相作用、互相影响,这给定量研究和分析结皮形成敏感性带来很大难度,如何对各影响因子的临界值进行确定以及定量研...     

Formulae for the statistical interrelationships between several orbital parameters of particles in the Oort Cloud and other orbiting aggregates

Assuming the motion of particles in an orbiting aggregate (e.g., the Oort Cloud is unperturbed Keplerian, the mean joint density of distance and speed depends only upon the densities of eccentricity and semi-major axis length. We derive a formula for the mean joint density of distance and speed in terms of these densities. Also provided are formulae which, given an observed mean joint density of distance and speed, permit the computation of the corresponding semi-major axis length and eccentricity densities. The results of this paper permit one to derive the structure of an orbiting aggregate given a minimum of information.Box 58421 Houston, Texas 77058     

Utilization of fly ash as engineering pellet aggregates

It has been recognized that there exists a serious need for recovery and reuse of industrial wastes. Agglomeration by pelletization method can alleviate the problems associated with fly ash. The objective of this study was to evaluate the material properties of manufactured aggregates produced from fly ash and cement mixing by pelletization method. Engineering properties of the manufactured aggregates were evaluated experimentally. Crushing strength, specific gravity, water absorption, particle size distribution, surface characteristics and shear strength properties of the manufactured aggregates were evaluated. For all practical purposes, the study showed that the manufactured aggregates are a good alternative for wide range civil engineering applications.     

北川震后滑坡体表层土壤颗粒组成及团聚体空间变化特征

滑坡作为西南地区常见的地质灾害,对坡面土壤结构和植被扰动极大。本文以北川擂鼓镇凤凰山震后滑坡体表层土壤为研究对象,选取滑坡区(Ⅰ)、过渡区(Ⅱ)和未破坏区(Ⅲ) 3个样地,结合网格取样和室内分析,运用地统计学和经典统计学方法对其颗粒组成和土壤团聚体特征进行分析。结果表明:(1) 3样地的土壤颗粒组成均以砂粒为主,显著大于黏粒和粉粒。土壤颗粒组成分形维数与砂粒含量呈极显著性负相关,与黏粒和粉粒含量均呈极显著性正相关。(2)Ⅰ样地中>5 mm的风干性团聚体含量最低,Ⅲ最高。3样地的土壤水稳性团聚体均以>2 mm的粒径为主,总体上呈现出团聚体数量随粒径的减小而减小的趋势。风干和水稳性土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值均表现为Ⅰ样地<Ⅱ样地<Ⅲ样地,风干性团聚体分形维数表现为Ⅰ样地≈Ⅱ样地>Ⅲ样地,水稳性团聚体分形维数表现为Ⅰ样地>Ⅱ样地>Ⅲ样地。(3)风干和水稳性团聚体稳定性参数和土壤颗粒组成的半方差函数理论模型拟合程度均较好。除水稳性土壤团聚体MWD表现为中等强度空间自相关外,其他团聚体稳定性参数均表现为强烈空间自相关性;黏粒表现为中等空间自相关性,粉粒和砂粒表现为强烈的空间自相关。(4)风干和水稳性土壤团聚体MWD和GMD值从Ⅰ样地至Ⅲ样地大致呈逐渐增加趋势,而土壤团聚体分形维数则呈相反分布规律;土壤颗粒组成从Ⅰ样地至Ⅲ样地呈砂粒含量逐渐减少而黏粒含量逐渐增加的规律。综上,滑坡体表层黏粒土壤大量流失后,表层土壤沙砾化,土壤团聚体的稳定性降低,表现出较强的结构性空间自相关。     

太平洋牡蛎卵母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ--染色体交叉配对观察

对太平洋牡蛎卵母细胞减数分裂中期同源染色体联会时的聚合形态、聚合体数目以及同源染色体间交叉数目进行了观察与统计。结果表明:在太平洋牡蛎卵母细胞中,聚合体数目变化8~11个不等,以10个二价体为主要存在形式,占82.06%;聚合体形态变化较大,主要有“X”,“V”,“Y”,“∝”,“O”,“8”,棒型及双交叉,其中以“X”型为主要交叉形式,占50.0%;交叉点数目在10~14之间变动,平均为11.2。