成矿元素的离子结构及其在花岗岩成矿过程中的 行为

研究表明,不同类型岩石的形成导致不同类型元素的富集成矿,而后者与元素的自身结构密切相关:具惰性气体型离子结构的元素亲沉积岩,具过渡型或铜型离子结构的元素亲岩浆岩。进一步研究发现,陆壳大规模熔融 固结,亦即花岗岩的形成过程,不但导致不同类型元素在上陆壳及其上层圈重新分配:亲氧(造岩)元素占据壳内熔融(岩浆)层的位置,亲硫(成矿)元素迁移到岩浆层上覆盖层且其中副族成矿元素按离子半径增大的顺序沉淀析出,亲水元素迁移到水圈而亲气元素则回归大气圈;同时揭示了与陆壳地质结构相适应的陆壳元素地球化学结构,体现了自然界微观和宏观的协调与和谐。     

核地球物理X辐射取样中克服基体效应的研究

克服基体效应的影响是Ｘ辐射取样技术中的关键问题。应用谱线分解技术,对样品的复合谱线进行分解,求得各元素的净Ｘ射线荧光计数率,在此基础上建立了“特散比法与吸收元素校正法联合应用”的数理方程,进行基体效应的校正。应用此技术对人工配制的样品和两个铜矿区实际样品进行了测量。     

南宁膨胀土持水性能的温度效应及微观机制

采用蒸汽平衡法测定了4种温度(T=5、25、40、60℃)条件下Whatman No.42滤纸的率定曲线,建立了考虑温度影响的双线性率定曲线方程,发现滤纸的持水性能随温度升高而降低,且温度对率定曲线高吸力段滤纸持水性能的影响要弱于低吸力段。在此基础上,以南宁膨胀土为研究对象,使用滤纸法测定了不同温度作用下膨胀土试样的土-水特征曲线。试验结果表明,随着温度的升高,膨胀土持水性能下降,但温度的影响幅度会随着吸力的增大而减弱,当基质吸力达到40MPa时,不同温度下试样的体积含水率并没有明显变化,即此时温度对膨胀土的持水性能变化几乎无影响。为解释上述宏观现象,选取部分试样进行了压汞试验和吸附结合水试验,并根据试验结果从土体中各相及各相界面相互耦合作用的物理机制角度阐述了南宁膨胀土持水性能的温度效应及微观机制。     

中国区域植树造林对地表温度的影响

近些年随着中国植树造林计划的持续进行,植被覆盖不断增长,进而影响中国地表环境.地表温度是表征地表物理过程的重要参数,是地表—大气能量交换中的驱动因子,广泛应用于气候、水文、生态及气象等研究中,是众多基础学科研究的关键参数之一.为了分析植树造林战略对局地和区域尺度的影响,以指导相应政策的制定,本文采用IBM(Intrin...     

真空预压在沿海软土地基加固中的应用

宁波安博（北仑）港物流中心拟在海滨软土地基上建造2幢1—2层厂房。根据场地条件和土层特性,其软基采用真空预压法加固处理。施工过程中注意质量控制点的把握,精心组织施工;同时认真有效地对施工过程中和施工后对各种原位测试数据进行系统采集研究分析,结果证明,本次真空预压加固达到地基处理目标的各项要求,取得了成功。     

北京市城近郊区地下水的环境同位素研究

应用环境同位素方法,研究北京城近郊区地下水演化规律。沿北京市永定河冲洪积扇地下水流动方向取样15组(D、18O、T、14C及全分析),对所取水样进行D、18O、T、14C分析,并确定地下水同位素年龄。运用地下水14C和T含量在垂向和水平方向变化的结果,验证了地下水的流向并计算了地下水的流速变化范围为5·02~62·63m/a,从山前至平原浅层地下水径流速度逐渐变小,反映了地下水水平径流强度逐渐减弱,地下水交替逐渐变差;浅层孔隙水以垂向交替为主,深层孔隙水以水平径流为主。对地下水D、18O之间的关系进行分析,从而判断地下水的补给来源等。     

三福高速公路K201滑坡病害的应急工程效果与根治工程对策

三福高速公路尤溪段K201滑坡是在持续暴雨影响下引起前缘老滑坡复活,并牵引扩大发展,形成高速公路路基坡体变形破坏的岩石滑坡;经滑坡后部刷方减载的应急抢险措施有效控制了滑坡变形快速发展的趋势,并通过路面裂缝位移监测评价了应急减载的工程效果;深部位移监测成果确定了滑面的确切位置,监控了滑坡的发展趋势;滑带强度指标的反演分析和滑坡的稳定性计算进一步揭示滑坡经应急减载后虽处于相对稳定状态,但在暴雨期不利工况条件下,仍存在变形恢复和失稳破坏的可能;通过多方案计算比较和论证分析,确定了路肩锚桩加固的根治工程对策,并经过一年的工后坡体深部位移监测证明了该治理方案的合理性和有效性。     

SLIP OFFSET ALONG STRIKE-SLIP FAULT DETERMINED FROM STREAM TERRACES FORMATION

Slip rate is one of the most important parameters in quantitative research of active faults. It is an average rate of fault dislocation during a particular period, which can reflect the strain energy accumulation rate of a fault. Thus it is often directly used in the evaluation of seismic hazard. Tectonic activities significantly influence regional geomorphic characteristics. Therefore, river evolution characteristics can be used to study tectonic activities characteristics, which is a relatively reliable method to determine slip rate of fault. Based on the study of the river geomorphology evolution process model and considering the influence of topographic and geomorphic factors, this paper established the river terrace dislocation model and put forward that the accurate measurement of the displacement caused by the fault should focus on the erosion of the terrace caused by river migration under the influence of topography. Through the analysis of the different cases in detail, it was found that the evolution of rivers is often affected by the topography, and rivers tend to migrate to the lower side of the terrain and erode the terraces on this side. However, terraces on the higher side of the terrain can usually be preserved, and the displacement caused by faulting can be accumulated relatively completely. Though it is reliable to calculate the slip rate of faults through the terrace dislocation on this side, a detailed analysis should be carried out in the field in order to select the appropriate terraces to measure the displacement under the comprehensive effects of topography, landform and other factors, if the terraces on both sides of the river are preserved. In order to obtain the results more objectively, we used Monte Carlo method to estimate the fault displacement and displacement error range. We used the linear equation to fit the position of terrace scarps and faults, and then calculate the terrace displacement. After 100, 000 times of simulation, the fault displacement and its error range could be obtained with 95%confidence interval. We selected the Gaoyan River in the eastern Altyn Tagh Fault as the research object, and used the unmanned air vehicle aerial photography technology to obtain the high-resolution DEM of this area. Based on the terrace evolution model proposed in this paper, we analyzed the terrace evolution with the detailed interpretation of the topography and landform of the DEM, and inferred that the right bank of the river was higher than the left bank, which led to the continuous erosion of the river to the left bank, while the terraces on the right bank were preserved. In addition, four stages of fault displacements and their error ranges were obtained by Monte Carlo method. By integrating the dating results of previous researches in this area, we got the fault slip rate of(1.80±0.51)mm/a. After comparing this result with the slip rates of each section of Altyn Tagh Fault studied by predecessors, it was found that the slip rate obtained in this paper is in line with the variation trend of the slip rate summarized by predecessors, namely, the slip rate gradually decreases from west to east, from 10~12mm/a in the middle section to about 2mm/a at the end.     

土体直剪力学特性颗粒尺度效应理论与试验研究

土体是一种颗粒物质,其强度与变形特性具有显著的颗粒尺度效应。根据土体颗粒间的连结性状和微重比,将土颗粒划分为基体颗粒与加强颗粒。构建了反映土体内部材料信息和颗粒特征信息的土体胞元,基于应变梯度理论建立可以描述土体颗粒尺度效应的土体胞元模型。设计一系列饱和重塑土的直接快剪试验以研究土体直剪力学特性的颗粒尺度效应,并定量计算了土体胞元模型的应变梯度和內禀尺度等微细观计算参数。试验结果表明,土体的剪切屈服应力随加强颗粒体积比和平均应变梯度的增加而增加,且与加强颗粒体积比呈近似线性关系,与平均应变梯度呈抛物线关系;加强颗粒粒径对土体的剪切屈服应力影响不明显。土体剪切屈服应力的试验结果与土体胞元模型的预测结果一致。     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的构造抬升事件

对采自渤海湾盆地东南部济阳坳陷的碎屑岩进行测年研究,目的是通过碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄揭示源区及其抬升剥露史和构造热事件,为华北克拉通构造演化特别是元古宙构造演化提供新的热年代学约束。14件上白垩统-上新统砂岩/粉砂岩岩心样品测年结果显示,锆石裂变径迹年龄分布在308±35Ma~145±19Ma之间,且所有单颗粒锆石径迹年龄均大于其沉积年龄,表明这些锆石为碎屑锆石。除1件样品外,其余13件样品的单颗粒年龄的,可以用来识别源区及其构造抬升。未通过χ2检验的锆石二项式最佳拟合峰值年龄集中分为9组:P1(1187Ma)、P2(720~548Ma)、P3(526Ma)、P4(330~319Ma)、P5(296~274Ma)、P6(213~201Ma)、P7(195~177Ma、162Ma)、P8(134~102Ma)和P9(94Ma),加上通过χ2检验的三叠纪(230Ma),指示源区中元古代-晚白垩世经历的9期构造抬升/岩浆活动。它们分别是发生在中元古代的芹峪运动、新元古代的构造抬升(约720~575Ma)、~548Ma的蓟县运动;古生代~526Ma早寒武世末构造运动、海西期构造抬升;晚三叠世印支期挤压构造抬升、早-中侏罗世印支期弱挤压抬升、早白垩世燕山期强烈岩浆活动及晚白垩世燕山晚期的抬升。华北克拉通北缘、克拉通内部古陆和盆地内部是渤海湾盆地上白垩统-上新统的主要物源区,古生代以来剥露速率逐渐增大,古生代、三叠纪、早-中侏罗世和白垩纪分别为0.020~0.033mm/y,0.033~0.042mm/y,0.034~0.049mm/y和0.041~0.097mm/y,反映源区白垩纪构造/岩浆活动最强烈。锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的中元古代-晚白垩世构造运动对探讨华北克拉通的构造演化特别是元古宙的演化提供了年代学证据,综合分析推断华北克拉通可能参与了Rodinia超大陆的形成与裂解。