成团超新星爆发的热自模解

在类似于原星系里的高温等离子体介质中，热传导具有很高的效率。当超新星爆发时，可以存在一个以纯热传导为主的能量传播阶段。本文解析地讨论了能量从持续点状源向外热传播的自模问题，得到成团超新星爆发的热自模解。作为热波传播的力学后果，热波自然地以强激波为终结。作为应用，本文分析了矮星系并合形成大星系这一模型中成团超新星爆发时能量传播的各个阶段。结论是，热传导可传播的距离与星系尺度上能量所需输运的距离是同量级的。     

相速、群速和能量传播速度

本文论述群速和能量传播速度的基本概念,并对相速、群速及能量传播速度的联系及区别作了讨论。     

强余震“等待时间”判别方案预报效能的研究

通过系统清理１９９６年以来中国大陆７０个Ｍｓ≥５．５级地震序列的＂强余震＂Ｌｇ△ｔ－Ｌｇｔ关系，对强余＂等待时间＂判别方案预报效能进行了评估。结果表明，其回顾性预报的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分为：６级以上地震序列Ｖ＝０．６０，５．５级以上地震序列为０．４４，说明其在地震序列类型判断方面有一定的效能。对实际震例分析得出，该方案在判定主余型序列方面成功率较高，而对于双震或多震序列，有时会产生某些误判；对６级以上地震序列的预测成功率高一些，对低震级的序列判断应慎重。     

一次突发性暴雨的机理分析及短期预报思考

2015年9月4日白天,天津出现突发性暴雨过程,利用多种观测资料对此次过程进行分析,结果表明:偏南气流与高压底部东北风相遇,在蓟州山区以南形成辐合,触发雷暴发展;雷暴形成后,回波形成"后向传播"机制,配合中低空的南风脉动,在天津北部形成南北向的"列车效应",导致北部强降水的发生;上游的高空槽降水在近地面形成冷池,其向东辐散气流与偏东风相遇,在降水区下游触发新的雷暴,使得雨带快速东移,且当辐散气流与偏东风相遇后,出现小尺度辐合性气旋式环流,导致下游强降水增幅;当高空槽降水云团主体移过城区后,在γ中尺度辐合流场作用下,触发小尺度对流云团的生成和发展,影响天津城区再次出现强降水。在短期预报过程中,预报员在大尺度模式环境场分析的基础上,对于中尺度模式仅参考了其降水预报,而忽略了对中尺度环境场的分析,分析表明,虽然中尺度模式对此次过程的降水时段预报存在偏差,但其中尺度环境场预报,可以为此次暴雨过程在短期时效内(24h)的预报订正提供参考。     

两次强震峰值速度比及其余震分布特征

基于甘肃地震台网和青海地震台网对岷县-漳县MS6.6地震和门源MS6.4地震的波形记录,采用FFT方法分别计算这两次地震三分向的峰值速度,讨论分量之间峰值速度比的分布特征,进而研究其震源性质。结果表明,岷县-漳县地震具有逆冲兼左旋位错性质,南北向能量明显大于东西向;门源地震以逆冲为主,略具左旋走滑特征,两个水平分量的能量相当。结合这两次地震的余震序列分布特征及其他学者的研究结果推测,岷县-漳县地震的发震断层应该是位于临潭-宕昌断裂西北侧且与其平行的一条次级断裂;门源地震的发震断层应该是冷龙岭断裂西北侧的次级断裂,但受到冷龙岭断裂活动控制。     

山东省乳山地区余震分布与速度结构研究

利用山东乳山流动观测台网资料,采用双差精定位方法重新确定2014-05以来山东乳山M3.2地震余震序列的分布;在此基础上,利用双差层析成像方法反演该地区的三维速度结构模型。结果显示,乳山地区的余震序列整体呈现出圆形聚集特征,优势分布主要集中在3~8 km深度,乳山震群集中区的余震活动主要发生在破裂集中的区域,在5 km深度最为集中,说明乳山震群主要发生的区域为上地壳;研究区不同深度的P波速度变化明显。由于离已知的主断层有一定的距离,因此可以判断余震分布集中区可能是乳山断裂的分支或者是一条新的隐伏断裂。     

Dynamic Response of Machine Foundation on Layered Soil: Cone Model Versus Experiments

This paper presents the experimental validation of analytical solution based on cone model for machine foundation vibration analysis on layered soil. Impedance functions for a rigid massless circular foundation resting on a two layered soil system subjected to vertical harmonic excitation are found using cone model. Linear hysteretic material damping is introduced using correspondence principle. The frequency-amplitude response of a massive foundation is then computed using impedance functions. To verify the solution field experiments are conducted in two different layered soil systems such as gravel layer over in situ soil and gravel layer over concrete slab (rigid base). A total 72 numbers of vertical vibration tests on square model footing were conducted using Lazan type mechanical oscillator, varying the influencing parameters such as depth of top layer, static weight of foundation and dynamic force level. The frequency-amplitude response in general and in particular the resonant frequencies and resonant amplitudes predicted by cone model is compared with the results of experimental investigation, which shows a close agreement. Thus the cone model is reliable in its application to machine foundation vibration on layered soil.     

Implementation and testing of the gridded Vienna Mapping Function 1 (VMF1)

The new gridded Vienna Mapping Function (VMF1) was implemented and compared to the well-established site-dependent VMF1, directly and by using precise point positioning (PPP) with International GNSS Service (IGS) Final orbits/clocks for a 1.5-year GPS data set of 11 globally distributed IGS stations. The gridded VMF1 data can be interpolated for any location and for any time after 1994, whereas the site-dependent VMF1 data are only available at selected IGS stations and only after 2004. Both gridded and site-dependent VMF1 PPP solutions agree within 1 and 2 mm for the horizontal and vertical position components, respectively, provided that respective VMF1 hydrostatic zenith path delays (ZPD) are used for hydrostatic ZPD mapping to slant delays. The total ZPD of the gridded and site-dependent VMF1 data agree with PPP ZPD solutions with RMS of 1.5 and 1.8 cm, respectively. Such precise total ZPDs could provide useful initial a priori ZPD estimates for kinematic PPP and regional static GPS solutions. The hydrostatic ZPDs of the gridded VMF1 compare with the site-dependent VMF1 ZPDs with RMS of 0.3 cm, subject to some biases and discontinuities of up to 4 cm, which are likely due to different strategies used in the generation of the site-dependent VMF1 data. The precision of gridded hydrostatic ZPD should be sufficient for accurate a priori hydrostatic ZPD mapping in all precise GPS and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) solutions. Conversely, precise and globally distributed geodetic solutions of total ZPDs, which need to be linked to VLBI to control biases and stability, should also provide a consistent and stable reference frame for long-term and state-of-the-art numerical weather modeling.     

Basin- and Mountain-Building Dynamic Model of “Ramping-Detachment-Compression” in the West Kunlun-Southern Tarim Basin Margin

Analysis of the deformation structures in the West Kunlun-Tarim basin-range junction belt indicates that sediments in the southwestern Tarim depression were mainly derived from the West Kunlun Mountains and that with time the region of sedimentation extended progressivdy toward the north. Three north-underthrusting （subducting）, steep-dipping, high-velocity zones （bodies） are recognized at depths, which correspond to the central West Kunlun junction belt （bounded by the Kiida-Kaxtax fault on the north and Bulungkol-Kangxiwar fault on the south）, Quanshuigou fault belt （whose eastward extension is the Jinshajiang fault belt） and Bangong Co-Nujiang fault belt. The geodynamic process of the basin-range junction belt generally proceeded as follows： centering around the magma source region （which largely corresponds with the Karatag terrane at the surface）, the deep-seated material flowed and extended from below upward and to all sides, resulting in strong deformation （mainly extension） in the overlying lithosphere and even the upper mantle, appearance of extensional stress perpendicular to the strike of the orogenic belt in the thermal uplift region or at the top of the mantle diapir and localized thickening of the sedimentary cover （thermal subsidence in the upper crust）. Three stages of the basin- and mountain-forming processes in the West Kunlun-southern Tarim basin margin may be summarized： （1） the stage of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rampingrapid uplift and rapid subsidence, when north-directed thrust propagation and south-directed intracontinental subduction, was the dominant mechanism for basin- and mountain-building processes; （2） the stage of Late Cretaceous-Paleogene deep-level detachment-slow uplift and homogeneous subsidence, when the dominant mechanism for the basin- and mountain-forming processes was detachment （subhorizontal north-directed deep-level ductile shear） and its resulting lateral propagation of deep material; and （3） the stage of Neogene-pre     

Effect Blasting Excavation of Yujiapeng Tunnel on Stability of Nearby Giant Dangerous Rock Masses (DRM)

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