湿陷性黄土地基处理新途径的探讨

在化学材料加固黄土试验与查阅相关资料的基础上,分析了湿陷性黄土地基处理技术的研究进展,探讨了强夯法和化学加固法在湿陷性黄土地基处理中存在的优势及问题。强夯法相对较为成熟,造价低廉,但强夯后的黄土地基不抗水;高分子材料固化处理强度高,价格昂贵,其最大的优点是固化后黄土地基的水稳性好。以系统科学思维为指导,借鉴全寿命成本设计理念,提出了强夯法与高分子材料固化组合处理,以发挥两者优点的湿陷性黄土地基处理新途径;建议以创建这一组合加固湿陷性黄土的新方法为研究目标,进一步开展相关的探索研究。     

微波消解-离子选择电极法测定植物样品中氟离子的实验条件优化

准确检测植物体内的氟含量有助于预测氟化物的生态环境效应。植物中的氟含量低,通常不超过300μg/g,应用离子选择电极法测量氟需选择样品分解效率高的前处理方法使氟不受到损失,获得离子成分简单、空白低的溶液,同时加入适量的缓冲液增强氟离子的强度和掩蔽干扰。本文采用微波消解法处理植物样品,离子选择电极法测定氟的含量,通过优化实验条件确定了缓冲液的浓度。结果表明,在25℃、p H=6.5的样品溶液中加入147 g/L总离子强度缓冲溶液(TISAB)10 m L,避免了溶液中的阳离子与氟离子生成稳定的不溶絮状物,显著降低了沉淀物的产生。本方法检出限为0.242μg/g,精密度(RSD)小于8.5%,回收率为92.0%~108%,能满足地球化学样品分析中对植物样品中低含量氟的检测要求。     

Estimation of sub-catchment area parameters for Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) using geo-informatics

This study presents a remote sensing and geographic information systems-based approach for using US EPA’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) in urban environment. Cartosat-1 PAN + IRS-P6 LISS-IV merged product was used to map land cover in part of Surat city at 1:10,000 scale. Cartosat-1 stereo pair was used for deriving digital elevation model of the study area. Geo-informatics-based methods were developed for delineation of sub-catchment areas, assignment of sub-catchment outlets and estimation of characteristic width. It was observed that 59% of the developed area in the study region was directly or indirectly connected to the storm water drainage network. Furthermore, dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation on three-day rainfall indicated that the average runoff coefficient on the urbanized sub-catchment areas which were directly connected to the drainage network was 0.92 as against 0.88 on those urbanized sub-catchments without having direct access to storm water drainage.     

Urbanization Impact on Regional Climate and Extreme Weather: Current Understanding,Uncertainties, and Future Research Directions

Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.     

面向灾后水体遥感信息提取的知识决策树构建及应用

灾害发生以后,悬浮物质、波浪和水深等"同物异谱"会导致水体信息提取不完整,而阴影、沥青路面、浓密植被等"异物同谱"也会降低水体信息提取精度。针对此问题,提出一种特征知识引导的灾后水体信息提取方法。首先,分析水体遥感图像特征(光谱特征、几何特征、纹理特征、空间关系特征),构建灾后水体信息提取知识决策树;其次,对遥感图像进行面向对象分割,获取对象基元,并计算特征参数;然后,在知识决策树的支持下提取灾后水体信息;最后,对水体信息提取结果进行后处理,以去除噪声和填充孔洞。选取"5·12汶川地震"遥感图像开展验证实验,结果表明,水体信息提取结果位置准确,边界清晰,生产者精度和用户精度分别为0.85和0.94,该方法能够有效提取复杂背景下的灾后水体信息。     

Investigating the application of climate models in flood projection across the UK

Regional climate models (RCMs) have emerged as the preferred tool in hydrological impact assessment at the catchment scale. The direct application of RCM precipitation output is still not recommended; instead, a number of alternative methods have been proposed. One method that has been used is the change factor methodology, which typically uses changes to monthly mean or seasonal precipitation totals to develop change scenarios. However, such simplistic approaches are subject to significant caveats. In this paper, 18 RCMs covering the UK from the ENSEMBLES and UKCP09 projects are analysed across different catchments. The ensembles' ability in capturing monthly total and extreme precipitation is outlined to explore how the ability to make confident statements about future flood risk varies between different catchments. The suitability of applying simplistic change factor approaches in flood impact studies is also explored. We found that RCM ensembles do have some skill in simulating observed monthly precipitation; however, seasonal patterns of bias were evident across each of the catchments. Moreover, even apparently good simulations of extreme rainfall can mis‐estimate the magnitude of flood‐generating rainfall events in ways that would significantly affect flood risk management. For future changes in monthly mean precipitation, we observe the clear ‘drier summers/wetter winters’ signal used to develop current UK policy, but when we look instead at flood‐generating rainfall, this seasonal signal is less clear and greater increases are projected. Furthermore, the confidence associated with future projections varies from catchment to catchment and season to season as a result of the varying ability of the RCM ensembles, and in some cases, future flood risk projections using RCM outputs may be highly problematic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The seismic signatures of the surge wave from the 2009 Xiaolin landslide‐dam breach in Taiwan

The catastrophic Xiaolin landslide occurred on 9 August 2009, after Typhoon Morakot struck Taiwan. This landslide formed a dam that subsequently breached, burying and flooding the village of Xiaolin. Seismic signals were induced by the landslide and dam breaching and recorded at the Jiaxian broadband seismic station in Taiwan. The time‐frequency spectra for the data from this station were analysed to extract the seismic characteristics of the landslide and to deduce the timing of processes associated with the landslide dam‐break flooding. The duration of the river blockage, the time of the dam breach, the duration of the surge wave and the mean speed of the surge wave were estimated, and the hydrological implications of the flood behaviour were interpreted. The spectral characteristics of the different stream discharges were also studied. Stream water level/discharge is closely related to the frequency of the seismic signals. The broadband stations are particularly useful for flood monitoring due to their ability to continuously record measurements and their high sensitivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrometeorological controls and erosive response of an extreme alpine debris flow

On 29 August, 2003, an intense convective storm system affected the Fella River basin, in the eastern Italian Alps, producing rainfall peaks of approximately 390 mm in 12 h. The storm triggered an unusually large debris flow in the ungauged Rio Cucco basin (0·65 km²), with a volume of approximately 78 000 m³. The analysis of the time evolution of the rainstorm over the basin has been based on rainfall estimates from radar observations and data recorded by a raingauge network. Detailed geomorphological field surveys, carried out both before and after the flood of August 2003, and the application of a distributed hydrological model have enabled assessment of flood response, estimation of erosion volumes and sediment supply to the channel network. The accounts of two eyewitnesses have provided useful elements for reconstructing the time evolution and the flow processes involved in the event. Liquid peak discharge estimates cluster around 20 m³ s^?1 km^?2, placing this event on the flood envelope curve for the eastern Italian Alps. The hydrological analysis has shown that the major controls of the flood response were the exceptional cumulated rainfall amount, required to exceed the large initial losses, and the large rainfall intensities at hourly temporal scales, required to generate high flood response at the considered basin scale. Observations on the deposits accumulated on the alluvial fan indicate that, although the dominant flow process was a debris flow, sheetflood also contributed to fan aggradation and fluvial reworking had an important role in winnowing debris‐flow lobes and redistributing sediment on the fan surface. This points out to the large discharge values during the recession phase of the flood, implying an important role for subsurface flow on runoff generation of this extreme flash flood event. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

易贡滑坡堰塞湖溃坝洪水分析

滑坡堰塞坝体主要由块石、碎石土等松散材料组成,随着上游水位的不断上升,极易失稳,一旦决口将对给下游人民的生命财产安全造成极大的威胁。因此,研究堰塞坝溃坝问题具有重要的学术意义和应用价值。2000 年 4 月 9 日,西藏林芝地区波密县易贡藏布河扎木弄沟发生大规模山体滑坡堵塞易贡藏布江,形成坝高60m,长约2500m,库容可达288108m3,体积约28108～30108m3的滑坡堰塞湖, 2000年6月10日堰塞坝溃决。本文以易贡堰塞湖溃坝为例,从连续性方程及Navier Stokes方程出发,结合标准型湍流模型,并采用VOF方法进行自由面处理,基于流体计算软件Fluent模拟分析了溃坝洪水在下游弯曲河道的演进过程及不同位置的流速变化。数值模拟结果与实测资料记录基本一致,表明该模型能够模拟溃坝洪水在地形复杂弯曲河道中的演进过程。     

Riparian alder fens — Source or sink for nutrients and dissolved organic carbon? — 1. Effects of water level fluctuations

The biogeochemistry of riparian alder wetlands was studied from 1995 to 1997. Nutrient and DOC chemistry was related to water level changes. The spatial and temporal patterns of nutrients (P and N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured in the surface water flowing through a riparian alder fen and in the adjacent creek. Nutrient and DOC concentrations were extremely variable temporally but not spatially within the wetland. In the wetland and the adjacent creek concentrations of NO₃-N, PO₄-P and DOC were homogenous during high-flow periods and frozen conditions. After low-flow conditions water bodies were isolated from the creek. The concentration of NH₄-N, PO₄-P and DOC in these isolated water bodies was significantly higher than in the adjacent creeks due to low oxygen levels.

Enclosures of different sizes were installed in the wetland to study possible release rates. A large enclosure experiment in the flooded alder fen showed the same concentrations as after high-flood conditions except for DOC. The DOC concentrations were enriched in the large enclosure after decomposition from leaf litter during fall season. Small enclosures with low oxygen levels confirmed data obtained from low-flow conditions. The release rates were calculated for low-flow conditions from small enclosure experiments for 2 months a year when the alder fen is not flooded. The rates for July and August were 11.6 kg/ha NH₄-N, 8.6 kg/ha PO₄-P and 57.6 kg/ha DOC. The DOC concentrations for fall estimated from the large enclosure-experiments were 168.2 kg/ha for the months September and October.

This means possible output rates of N, P and DOC during the summer and DOC during fall in the adjacent river system. This can cause eutrophication and organic pollution depending on the length of the low-flow conditions and the size of the alder fen. Water level changes must be regarded as important for the management of riparian wetlands such as alder fens. The riparian alder system may vary from a nutrient sink to a nutrient source at different times of a year depending on high or low water levels.