聚合物后续水驱阶段剩余油挖潜技术

后续水驱阶段是聚合物驱的一个重要阶段，加强剩余油分布的研究，找准潜力所在，以便制定相应调整对策，控制含水上升速度，发挥后续水驱阶段聚合物的增油作用。通过分析该区块的地质及开发特点，发现聚合物驱后剩余油分布在断层遮挡区域、前缘席状砂相、井网不完善区域、中低渗透层段。提出了对高渗透层进行深度调剖、对窜流层进行封堵、及时进行细分注水和合理调整注采比、在剩拿油富集区布新井和过路井补孔等针对性的挖潜措施，现场实施效果良好。     

盘石水库泄洪洞、导流洞岩体工程地质特性研究

盘石水库泄洪洞、导流洞所涉及的岩体为寒武系下统灰、页岩互层层状岩体。其中页岩对洞室的稳定起决定作用。本文采用多种方法对洞室围岩特别是页岩进行了研究。取岩块,挖平洞、竖井做实验,研究其强度和变形特征,观察有无软弱夹层对洞室稳定的影响,在此基础上进行基本质量级别分级。进而分析、归纳出影响洞室稳定的主要因素及洞室设计力学参数,对同类工程具有类比和借鉴的意义。     

Evaporite Dissolution Subsidence in the Historical City of Calatayud,Spain: Damage Appraisal and Prevention

Calatayud in NE Spain is an historically important city built on recent alluvial deposits underlain by gypsum and other soluble rocks. Since its foundation by the Muslims in 716 A.D., the city development has been strongly influenced by geohazards including flooding, subsidence and slope movements. Most of the flooding problems have been mitigated by diversion of the local drainage. However, dissolution of the evaporite bedrock in the urban areas continually causes subsidence and triggers rock-falls from the gypsum cliffs overlooking the city. Subsidence is also caused by the hydrocollapse of gypsiferous silt in the alluvial fan deposits. Building damage in the city was surveyed using a classification scheme developed originally to record damage in British coal mining areas. The Calatayud damage survey shows that the worst building subsidence is concentrated along the line of a buried channel that runs underneath the gypsiferous silt alluvial fan. Natural subsurface drainage causes the dissolution and subsidence, which is aggravated by leakage from water and sewage pipes. Some building damage has been exacerbated during reconstruction by incomplete piling leaving buildings partially unsupported. Mitigation measures include the control of water leakage by the installation of flexible service pipes. Careful construction techniques are needed for both conservation and new developments, especially when piled and minipiled foundations are used. Geomorphological mapping is cost-effective in helping to locate and avoid the zones of subsidence for future development.     

利用钾长石尾矿制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

以福建沙县田口钾长石尾矿粉体为主要原料，以煅烧高岭石作配料，硅酸钠作结构模板剂，氢氧化钠作激活剂，进行了制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究，实验样品静置固化7－28d，其抗压强度高达19.4-24.9MPa。耐酸性，耐碱性指标均优于相似建材的国家标准。在配料组成中，控制高岭石用量为20％，适当提高硅酸钠的用量和固／液化，有利于提高制品的力学性能。实验表明，材料抗中度随固化时间的延长而叶抛物线式发展，矿物聚合材料的形成过程为：铝硅酸盐固体组分的溶解络合，分散迁移，浓缩聚合，脱水硬化。由铝硅酸盐凝胶相固化而在的基体相，其化学组成与沸石相近，微观结构极可能与蛋白质类似，物理形态上呈三维网状结构，将未溶解的晶质颗粒胶结为坚硬块体，是矿物聚合材料获得良好力学性能的结构基础。     

Getting Away with the Stolen Vehicle: An Investigation of Journey‐after‐Crime*

Analyses of criminals' travel patterns can provide significant suggestions to improve crime management. This study extends the investigation of criminals' travel behavior from journey‐to‐crime to journey‐after‐crime. Moreover, new methods are developed to examine the spatial patterns of location pairs when restricted by the underlying geographical process. The methods are employed to investigate criminals' journey‐after‐auto‐theft in the city of Buffalo, New York. The analyses reveal that auto thieves' trips from vehicle‐theft locations to the corresponding vehicle‐recovery locations are local in nature. The travel distances are significantly shorter than the randomly simulated trips; the travel directions are biased from the random directions as well.     

Energy Expenditure and Geomorphic Work of the Cataclysmic Missoula Flooding in the Columbia River GGorge,USA

Cataclysmic releases from the glacially dammed Lake Missoula, producing exceptionally large floods, have resulted in significant erosional processes occurring over relatively short time spans. Erosional landforms produced by the cataclysmic Missoula floods appear to follow a temporal sequence in many areas of eastern Washington State. This study has focused on the sequence observed between Celilo and the John Day River, where the erosional features can be physically quantified in terms of stream power and geomorphic work. The step-backwater calculations in conjunction with the geologic evidence of maximum flow stages, indicate a peak discharge for the largest Missoula flood of 10 × 10⁶m³s⁻¹. The analysis of local flow hydraulics and its spatial variation were obtained calculating the hydrodynamic variables within the different segments of a cross-section. The nature and patterns of erosional features left by the floods are controlled by the local hydraulic variations. Therefore, the association of local hydraulic parameters with erosional and depositional flood features was critical in understanding landform development and geomorphic processes. The critical stream power required to initiate erosion varied for the different landforms of the erosional sequence, ranging from 500 W m⁻² for the streamlined hills, up to 4500 W m⁻² to initiate processes producing inner channels. Erosion is possible only during catastrophic floods exceeding those thresholds of stream power below which no work is expended in erosion. In fact, despite the multiple outbursts which occurred during the late Pleistocene, only a few of them had the required magnitude to overcome the threshold conditions and accomplish significant geomorphic work. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全国水温台网井水温度2008年动态及其汶川地震前后的异常变化

在全面收集与系统分析全国水温台网近300口观测井2008年动态的基础上,梳理出井水温的正常年动态与固体潮,并进一步识别与分析2008-05-12汶川MS8.0地震震前、震时及震后的异常变化;归纳出全国井水温动态的正常年动态类型、特征及水温潮汐的基本特征,识别出汶川地震前14口井出现的异常,并分析该异常的形态与时空分布特征;分析125口井的同震响应与震后变化特征,进一步论证利用井水温动态监测地震前兆的可能性与存在的问题,提出把现有的水温观测网进一步改造与升级、开拓地壳热动态与地震活动关系观测与研究的创新思路。     

Occurrence and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya's marine environment: first documented evidence

Microplastics can be ingested by marine organisms and may lead to negative impacts at the base of marine food chains. This study investigated the occurrence and composition of microplastics in the sea-surface water and sought evidence of ingestion by zooplankton. Surface seawater was collected using a stainless-steel bucket and sieved directly through a stainless-steel sieve (250-µm mesh), while a 500-μm mesh net was towed horizontally to collect zooplankton, at 11 georeferenced stations off the Kenyan coast in February 2017, on board the national research vessel RV Mtafiti. Microplastic particles were sorted and characterised using an Optika dissecting microscope. Polymer types were identified using an ALPHA Platinum attenuated total reflection—Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. A total of 149 microplastic particles, with an average abundance of 110 particles m^–3, were found in the surface seawater. A total of 129 particles were found ingested by zooplankton groups, where Chaetognatha, Copepoda, Amphipoda and fish larvae ingested 0.46, 0.33, 0.22 and 0.16 particles ind.^–1, respectively. Filaments dominated both the surface-water microplastics and the ingested microplastics, contributing 76% and 97% to those compositions, respectively. White particles were prevalent in the water (51%), whereas black was the colour found most commonly (42%) across the zooplankton groups. The sizes of particles that were in the water were in the range of 0.25–2.4 mm, and those ingested ranged between 0.01 and 1.6 mm. Polypropylene was predominant in the surface water, whereas low-density polyethylene was the most-ingested polymer type. The results provide the first documented evidence of the occurrence, composition and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya's marine environment, indicating that microplastics have the potential to enter pelagic food webs and cause pollution in the study area.     

魏岗油田二层系统周期注水地质模型

利用概率-统计方法建立了魏岗油田二层系统周期注水地质模型．     

High-resolution optical dating of Late Holocene storm surge deposits – a showcase from Schokland (Noordoostpolder,the Netherlands)

Storm surges have a major impact on land use and human habitation in coastal regions. Our knowledge of this impact can be improved by correlating long-term historical storm records with sedimentary evidence of storm surges, but so far few studies have applied such an approach. Here we apply, for the first time, state-of-the-art optically stimulating luminescence (OSL) methods to obtain high-resolution age information on a sequence of Late Holocene storm surge deposits. By combining this chronological framework of storm surges with other reconstruction methods, we investigate the storm surge impact on the former island Schokland, located in a former inlet of the North Sea (central Netherlands).During the Late Holocene, Schokland transformed from a peat area that gradually inundated (~800 CE) via an island in a marginal marine environment (~1600 CE) to a land-locked island in the reclaimed Province of Flevoland (1942 CE). These transitions are recorded in the sediment archive of the island, consisting of silty clay with sandy intervals deposited during storm surges. A series of ten quartz OSL ages, obtained using best-practice methods to deal with incomplete resetting of the OSL signal and dose rate heterogeneity, reveal two periods of storm surge deposition, around 1600 CE and between 1742 and 1822 CE. Historical sources indicate that major storm surges hit Schokland during these periods. Laboratory analyses (thermogravimetry, grain-size, foraminifera, bivalves and ostracods) corroborates the existence of the two sets of storm surge deposits within the clay sequence. Our study sets a benchmark for obtaining robust depositional age constraints from storm surge sediments, and demonstrates the great potential of modern OSL methods to contribute to improved assessment of storm surge risk. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.