Image Sources for Informal Settlement Management

Informal settlements are a common feature of developing countries. In South Africa the improvement of living conditions in these settlements and the upgrading to formal housing types are regarded as being of central importance to the nation's development. Effective settlement improvement and upgrading activities, which we here term "management", require adequate spatial data. To date, the acquisition of spatial models of informal settlements has been based on conventional mapping techniques, and mostly on photogrammetry. Data are compiled using analogue or analytical methods. These are manual and hence require both considerable expertise and expensive equipment. Moreover, these methods are uneconomical over the often relatively small, densely populated areas covered by informal settlements and are also too expensive to employ with a regularity required to support such tasks as change detection. Alternative imaging sources and mapping techniques are therefore needed.
In this article we examine the problem of spatial information acquisition for informal settlement management from three perspectives: spatial information requirements, the role which imagery can play in satisfying these spatial information requirements, and effective imaging options. We focus on the potential of high resolution satellite imaging, small format digital aerial imagery and digital multispectral video systems for rapid mapping. We also discuss the example of automated shack extraction from aerial imagery.     

Practical Experiences with Films, Cameras and Navigation Systems

The first author commenced his experiences with aerial photography in 1945, when he joined the Royal Air Force (RAF). The aerial cameras used at that time were the Williamson F24 and F52, with Ilford HP3 and FP3 panchromatic films. Subsequently the Williamson F95 camera was tested against the USAF Sonne 11 camera. During his final years in the RAF, a variety of film types was employed: colour, monochrome infra-red and false colour infra-red. Additional experience was gained when the author was employed by the International Training Centre (ITC), The Netherlands and he saw the further development of the air camera from the Wild RC8 and Zeiss (Oberkochen) RMK 15/23 to the Wild RC20, Zeiss (Jena) LMK and Zeiss (Oberkochen) RMK TOP. He predicts that the future lies with digital cameras.
The second author started working with aerial photography in the 1950s. Details are given of cameras, visual navigation sights and survey aircraft dating from that period. Overseas operations, carried out mainly by Hunting Surveys and Fairey Surveys, posed particular problems because the majority of the work there was undertaken without the aid of existing maps. The introduction of external navigation systems is described, from the Decca ship navigation system, through the GNS-200 VLF/Omega low frequency radio system to INS, the Inertial Navigation System. The author later joined the ITC, which enabled him to participate in trials of the Computer-controlled Photo Navigation System. Eventually practical experience was gained with differential GPS, particularly in countries in southeast Asia. Aerial photography currently appears to benefit less from financial investment than the photographic, aviation and survey industries. However, the satisfaction of making a significant contribution to major overseas development projects outweighs the frustration of lack of acceptance of plans for the future of the air survey industry.     

工业相机在历史航片数字化中的应用

航空摄影胶片作为历史档案的一种,详细地记录了城市规模、设施等地貌信息变迁。因胶片材质保质期有限,有必要将其进行数字化永久保存。传统的扫描手段效率过低,随着一亿及以上像素的工业级别相机的诞生,使得拍照代替扫描成为可能。本文采用自行制作高精度大幅面胶片翻拍仪,通过精确校检获取准确改正参数,并结合计算机后处理,完成了昆明市2期约8500张历史航空摄影胶片的数字化试验,成果各项指标均符合要求,达到了项目预期目的。     

轻小型无人机测绘遥感系统研究进展

地球空间信息是人工智能、大数据时代的重要数据基础,轻小型无人机测绘遥感技术作为中国当前和未来获取厘米级分辨率、实时响应遥感数据的主要手段,必将发挥更加重要的作用。本文首先介绍了固定翼、多旋翼、无人直升机以及飞行控制系统、地面监控系统和遥控遥测链路的发展现状和潜在发展趋势;其次重点研究了数码相机、视频摄像机、倾斜相机、激光雷达、合成孔径雷达和定姿定位系统的利用现状和发展趋势;然后总结分析了当前无人机测绘遥感面临的系统检测、大范围实时遥感和遥感大数据精准解译方面的问题和挑战;最后面向人工智能、大数据、物联网、云计算等技术背景给出了轻小型无人机测绘遥感技术在飞行控制智能化、测绘遥感作业智能化和实时、实景无人机遥感技术应用模式创新等方面的发展趋势。     

无人机与卫星影像的叶面积指数遥感反演研究

针对卫星遥感影像获取的叶面积指数精度较低的问题,该文结合无人机低空航拍影像和卫星影像,基于最小二乘法建立了一种叶面积指数遥感反演方法,并与卫星影像像元二分模型进行了比较。结果表明:从单一植被类型到整体植被叶面积指数的反演,新方法均优于卫星影像的像元二分法,两者整体相对误差分别为27%和35%。4种植被类型中,草本植物对模型的反演精度影响较大,两者相对误差分别为32%和56%。使用该方法准确计算了长汀县相关区域叶面积指数分布,与他人结果一致。该方法提高了卫星遥感影像获取叶面积指数的精度,为大面积高精度估算区域植被提供了一种方法。     

无人机航空摄影测量技术在矿区地形测量中的应用研究

无人机摄影测量是中小面积地形测绘的重要手段,具有低成本、高效率、高精度、信息量大、产品可以重复使用的优点,弥补了传统方法的不足。本文简要介绍了无人机航空摄影测量技术,从工程实例中,进一步论述了利用无人机,搭载非量测型相机,在地形复杂的高山矿区进行地形测量的过程和方法,评估了点位精度误差,希望能为相关领域研究人员提供借鉴。     

基于SDCORS的车载RTK高程注记点连续采集精度分析

为提高航测法数字线划图(DLG)的生产效率,尽可能减少外业作业时间,基于山东省卫星定位连续运行综合服务系统(SDCORS)的车载RTK技术进行高程注记点采集。采用不同时间(白天、晚上)、不同车速条件进行高程注记点连续采集,并与常规方法(全站仪、单基站RTK)采集高程点进行比较,求取高程中误差,认为在夜间以不大于20 km/h的车速进行采集精度较高。在数字海阳基础地理信息数据采集项目中,利用车载RTK采集346 km2范围内的沿路高程注记点,结果表明能够满足1∶500航测法成图精度要求。     

框幅式数字航空摄影飞行质量检查方法

目前框幅式航空摄影飞行质量检查依旧采用先冲印纸质像片,然后人工作业的方法。该方法耗时较长,限制了数字航空摄影快速高效优势的发挥。为此,研究出一套全数字航空摄影飞行质量的检查方法。该方法的整个实现过程完全在计算机上进行:首先,利用数字航空摄影生成的浏览影像完成影像质量检查;然后,应用飞行质量检查软件和机载POS(position and orientation system)数据检查影像的重叠度、像片旋偏角、航线弯曲度以及航高保持等质量因子;最后,根据检查结果整理和编写各类文档。为验证该方法的科学性和可靠性,以湖南省衡阳市实验区影像的人工质量检查结果与其进行对比分析,结果表明,二者具有很好的一致性,说明该方法能较好地反映航空摄影飞行成果质量,并且操作简单、效率高、成本低。     

UX5无人机不同航高的精度分析

无人机数字航测系统以其快速、灵活、精度高的特点逐渐取代传统的航空摄影测量。本文对UX5无人机数字航测系统在不同航高下测量成果的精度进行分析,寻求精度和效率的平衡点,对工程实际应用提出可行方案。     

IPS在无人机遥感影像处理中的应用

介绍了IPS在无人机遥感影像处理中的流程及软件的特点和优势,实例验证,该软件能够快速处理海量无人机遥感数据,为无人机遥感影像数据处理市场提供了一种实用的有效解决方案。