GPS sensitivity analysis applied to non-permanent deformation control networks

This paper illustrates the surveys and the results obtained in an experiment whose goal is to evaluate the Global Positioning System (GPS) sensitivity and accuracy for deformation control on non-permanent network of different extensions. To this aim a high-precision device was properly built to set up known displacements along three orthogonal axes of a GPS antenna. One of the antennas in the considered GPS networks was moved according to centimeter and sub-centimeter displacements; after careful GPS data processing, it was evaluated whether these simulated deformations were correctly a posteriori detected and at which probability level. This experiment was carried out both on a local (baselines ranging between 3 and 30 km) and on a regional (baselines ranging between 300 and 600 km) GPS network. The results show that in the local network it is possible to identify the displacements at a level of 10 mm in height and at a level of 5 mm in horizontal position. The analysis of the regional network showed that it is fundamental to investigate new strategies to model the troposphere; in fact, it is necessary to improve the precision of the height in order to correctly identify displacements lower than 60–80 mm; on the contrary, horizontal displacements can be evidenced at the level of 20 mm. Received: 27 April 1998 / Accepted: 14 December 1998     

振动作用下矿井突水涌砂机理的研究

矿井的突水涌砂现象是威胁矿井和矿区的最大灾害之一。利用设计的实验装置,本文完成了某矿井的突水涌砂机理研究,确定了与突水涌砂相关的因素以及这些因素与突水涌砂的定性、定量关系,进一步提出了防治此灾害的方法。     

A study on the reaction kinetics of mineral surface adsorption in mix system

The experimental results on adsorption of ions pb²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ag⁺ onto mineral surfaces in a mix system show that the reaction kinetics of adions adsorbed onto mineral surfaces was mainly controlled by their diffusion rates in solution. The concentration variations can be fit for the second-order rate equation with good determined coefficients r = 0.800 5—0.979 7. In the near neutral solution, the concentration of exchanged ions K⁺ and Na⁺ related to reaction time can be described by the fint-order rate equation with r = 0.855 7–0.997 7. Meanwhile, the complex diffusionexchange rate equation is suitable for describing the ca^{2 +} concentration variation, as ions Pb^{2 +} and Zn²⁺ were adions. Experimental data show that the amount of ions K⁺, Na⁺and Ca²⁺ release is much more than that of adion decrement in solution. This fact may suggest that the complexstion reaction of adions Pb²⁺, Z²⁺ and Ag⁺ with the mineral surfaces was the major reaction process while adions were not entering the phyllosilicate interlayers or CaCO₃ lattice to exchange the ions K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ at room temperature. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49773206) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 960504)     

冀东地区构造演化与金矿分布规律

作者研究了冀东地区构造特征及其成生联系,建立了构造体系。根据构造运动时期的鉴定,研究了构造演化过程,探讨了矿化与构造之间的关系。根据同成矿构造体系展布特点,分析了金矿的分布规律和富集部位,并对典型矿区进行了同成矿应力场的模拟实验,预测了隐状矿体。部分靶区经过工程验证,获得很大的经济效益.      

干孔密度测井实验分析

通过对干孔密度测井实验数据的分析处理以及导水孔密度测井结果的对比,论述了干孔密度测井的基本规律及其环境影响校正,为开展矿井密度测井提供了可行性依据。      

活化处理中坡缕石结构变化与性能关系的研究

以活化坡缕石作为吸附剂的应用已经十分广泛,活化方法一般有酸活化和焙烧活化,本文用X射线衍射和红外光谱分析,研究了纤维状坡缕石和土状坡缕石经HCl活化和焙烧活化后晶体结构的变化,结果表明,HCl活化对纤维状坡缕石结构没有影响,而土状坡缕石则不然,当HCl浓度为1.0mol/L时,呈人面体配位的阳离子部分坡H^-取代或溶出,导致晶胞参数减小,当HCl浓度为1.5mol/L时,出现人面体片坍塌,游离出SiO2,结构出现较大破坏,对进一步提高活性没有贡献,在350℃及以上温度焙烧活化会使坡缕石晶体结构产生明显破坏,分解氧化形成的Fe2O3使其脱色率明显下降。     

盐度、光强和温度对盐生杜氏藻生长的影响及其交互作用

为明确各环境因子对盐生杜氏藻生长的影响是否存在交互作用及其影响的程度,采用3因素2水平正交试验方法,以7天批次培养获得的比生长速率为评价指标,研究了盐度（A）、光照强度（B）、温度（C）及两因素交互作用A×B、A×C、B×C对细胞增殖速率的影响,并测定了各条件下光合放氧速率、呼吸耗氧速率、叶绿素荧光及色素含量等以阐释作用机制。结果表明：温度是影响藻细胞增殖的最显著因素,其次是盐度与光照,交互作用B×C、A×C对绿色盐藻细胞生长有一定作用,但影响程度不如单一因子。确定利于盐藻细胞增殖的最优条件为：温度30℃、盐度110、光照强度120 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,而利于类胡萝卜素积累的条件则需将盐度提升至160。温度、光照通过影响光合放氧速率,而盐度通过影响呼吸耗氧速率调控藻细胞生长。     

Experimental study on blocking and self-cleaning behaviors of beam dam in debris flow hazard mitigation

Blocking is one of the important features when a beam dam intercepts debris flow, while self-cleaning is another when managing suspended debris flow. Both features determine the debris flow control benefits of beam dam but the latter often is not considered in practical engineering design. In this paper, a series of specially designed flume experiments were done to simulate blocking and self-cleaning processes. The blocking ratio and deposition features were measured to contrast the blocking and self-cleaning performance before and after artificial self-cleaning. The experimental results reveal that the beam dam net opening, particle diameter of sediment, sediment concentration, and gradient of the channel are the main factors affecting blocking performance. A new criterion of blocking performance of beam dams that considers the interaction of multiple factors and can provide guidance to practical project design is proposed. For all three types of blocking, sediment deposited upstream of a beam dam can be effectively transported downstream by erosion from post-debris-flow floods, Self-cleaning performance is most efficient for temporary blocking, followed by partial-blocking, and total-blocking. The efficiency of self-cleaning largely depends on the change of the sediment deposit due to erosion. Finally, a discussion is given for the optimal design of an open-type check dam and the feasibility of synergistic effects of self-cleaning in combination with artificial cleaning. Some supporting artificial silt-cleaning should be implemented in practice. A beam dam will, thus, have more storage capacity with which to control the next debris flow event.     

Earthquake response of a multiblock nuclear reactor graphite core: Experimental model vs simulations

The complex dynamics of a quarter‐scale model of a graphite nuclear reactor core, representative of the second generation of British advanced gas‐cooled nuclear reactors, is investigated numerically and experimentally. Advanced gas‐cooled nuclear reactor cores are polygonal, multilayer, arrays of graphite bricks, with each brick allowed to rock by design relative to each other in accordance with the boundary conditions. A 35 000 DOF, nonlinear finite element model of the core created by Atkins Nuclear, was analysed on a high performance computing facility at the University of Bristol, and a corresponding 8 t physical model, equipped with 3200 data acquisition channels, was built and tested on the University of Bristol 6‐DOF shaking table. In this paper, the two models are subjected to a series of (1) synthetic earthquake and (2) idealised harmonic input motions. The experimental data are used to compare and verify the two models and explore the dynamics of the core. A kinematic model of the response is also developed based solely on geometric constraints. The results are presented in the form of response maps and graphs. Important conclusions are drawn as to the dynamics and earthquake response of such systems, which inform numerical model validation. It is found that contrary to the case of a small number of rocking blocks that exhibit highly complex response patterns, the behaviour of the model at hand is both smooth and repeatable. An analogy between the response of the core and that of dense granular matter exhibiting particle interlocking and dilatancy is highlighted.     

基于模拟优化与正交试验的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源调控

依托灌溉试验站田间降水-作物耗水-土壤水相互转化的长序列试验成果,构建灌区田间尺度水量蓄-耗-灌-排全过程的水资源模拟模块,结合系统仿真方法,建立库塘联合灌溉系统水量分配仿真模拟模型,以保障灌区基本需水(包括农村生活需水与生态环境需水)供水安全前提下的经济效益最大化为目标,运用正交试验选优原理,构建了库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控模型,形成了基于仿真模拟与正交试验优化的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控技术体系,并应用于巢湖流域大官塘水库灌区,明确了灌区合理的工程布局规格与规模,确定了适宜的节水灌溉技术模式与灌溉制度,制定了塘坝和水库科学的调度规则,提出了具有可操作性的作物种植结构调整规则,提高了灌区径流拦蓄利用率,提升了塘坝和水库年际调蓄供水能力,增强了抗旱减灾能力,为巢湖流域水库灌区综合治理、库塘联合灌区水量分配方案、水库和塘坝调度规则及作物灌溉制度等地制定提供理论依据.