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31.
32.
利用中尺度模式MM5对1999年6月下旬发生在长江中下游地区的一次锋上西南低涡发展的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了研究。通过敏感性试验, 探讨了低涡对锋强、 锋生的敏感性, 锋生、 锋消与低涡发展演变的时间空间上的联系等问题\.结果表明, 低涡对中层锋面强度的变化敏感, 中层锋强发生改变会导致整层涡度发生同位相的变化。中层系统对梅雨锋气旋的发展起主要作用, 中层锋面对低涡发展的影响比边界层锋更关键。中层锋面强度改变会激发出中低层的垂直次级环流, 低层的辐合上升运动发生改变, 最终影响到低涡强度的发展。敏感性试验证明, 锋面强度变化对低涡发展造成的影响有超前性, 中层锋面先发生变化, 6 h左右以后低涡强度发生改变。锋区强度和低涡强度发生变化的地理位置基本在同一经度上, 锋强变化的位置在涡强变化位置的北面。 相似文献
33.
A Closure Study of Aerosol Hygroscopic Growth Factor during the 2006 Pearl River Delta Campaign 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
LIU Xingang ZHANG Yuanhang WEN Mengting WANG Jingli Jinsang JUNG CHANG Shih-yu HU Min ZENG Limin Young Joon KIM 《大气科学进展》2010,27(4):947-956
Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters
were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the
Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was measured
using an integrating nephelometer and the aerosol scattering coefficient for
wet conditions was determined by subtracting the sum of the aerosol absorption
coefficient, gas scattering coefficient and gas absorption coefficient from the
atmospheric extinction coefficient. Following this, the aerosol hygroscopic
growth factor, f(RH), was calculated as the ratio of wet and dry aerosol
scattering coefficients. Measurements of size-resolved chemical composition,
relative humidity (RH), and published functional relationships between particle
chemical composition and water uptake were likewise used to find the aerosol
scattering coefficients in wet and dry conditions using Mie theory for
internally- or externally-mixed particle species [(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, NaCl, POM, EC and residue]. Closure was obtained by comparing
the measured f(RH) values from the nephelometer and other in situ optical
instruments with those computed from chemical composition and thermodynamics.
Results show that the model can represent the observed f(RH) and is
appropriate for use as a component in other higher-order models. 相似文献
34.
植被变化对辽西夏季气候影响的数值试验 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
利用2001年6、7、8月份的资料及中尺度模式MM5V3.5对当年夏季辽西生态脆弱区进行了气候模拟性能试验,模拟出植被退化和恢复后辽西地区的温度变化。试验结果表明:在辽西部分地区植被退化后,当地夏季平均温度明显升高;在部分地区植被恢复后,当地夏季平均温度降低;在下垫面状况改变的周边地区,平均温度有一定程度的变化。同时,植被状况的改变对高空气压场和温度场也产生一定影响。 相似文献
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Influence of a coarse interlayer on seawater intrusion and contaminant migration in coastal aquifers 下载免费PDF全文
Vertical 2D slice laboratory experiments were carried out in homogenous and layered sand tanks to elucidate the effects of a highly permeable (coarse‐grained sand) interlayer on seawater intrusion and transport of contaminants to a coastal sea. Tidal fluctuations produced oscillations in the seawater–freshwater transition zone, fluctuations of the contaminant infiltration rate and a zigzag contaminant plume outline. The seawater wedge became discontinuous at the (vertical) edges of the interlayer because of increased lateral movement of the seawater–freshwater interface within the interlayer. The contaminant plume formed a tail within the interlayer depending on the tidal stage, and similar to the wedge, its movement was accentuated. A simple analytical model that neglected vertical flow reliably predicted steady‐state seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer. Numerical modeling was used to gain insight into the groundwater hydrodynamics and contaminant migration. The numerical results confirmed the experimental findings, i.e. that a highly permeable interlayer can provide a rapid transit path for contaminants to reach the seaward boundary and that the interlayer amplifies the effects of tidal fluctuations, resulting in wider transition zones for the seawater wedge and contaminant plume. Numerical simulations further showed that, with increasing interlayer hydraulic conductivity, the maximum seawater intrusion distance inside the interlayer increases approximately linearly. For the fixed‐head contaminant injection condition used, the model showed that contaminant infiltration increases approximately logarithmically with increasing interlayer hydraulic conductivity (other factors held fixed). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
38.
本文利用采集于我国三大油田的五种原油样品开展了长达210天的溢油风化模拟实验,并依据相对偏差和重复性限数学分析法,进行溢油风化过程分析和诊断比值应用效果评估。研究结果表明:经过210天的风化,溢油鉴定诊断比值发生明显改变;其中来源于萜烷、甾烷和多环芳烃的诊断比值变化率要远低于正构烷烃,可用于中长期风化溢油鉴定。此外,研究发现,在这些有效诊断比值中有4个变化率较小,相对偏差低于5%,保持了较好的稳定性,更适合于重度风化溢油鉴定。 相似文献
39.
When trying to improve gas productivity from unconventional sources a first aim is to understand gas storage and gas flow potential through the rock by investigating the microstructure, mineralogy and matrix porosity of unfractured shale. The porosity and mineralogy of the Mulgrave Shale member of the Whitby Mudstone Formation (UK) were characterized using a combination of microscopy, X-ray diffraction and gas adsorption methods on samples collected from outcrops. The Whitby Mudstone is an analogue for the Dutch Posidonia Shale which is a possible unconventional source for gas. The Mulgrave shale member of the Whitby Mudstone Formation can microstructurally be subdivided into a fossil rich (>15%) upper half and a sub-mm mineralogically laminated lower half. All clasts are embedded within a fine-grained matrix (all grains < 2 μm) implying that any possible flow of gas will depend on the porosity and the pore network present within this matrix. The visible SEM porosity (pore diameter > 100 nm) is in the order of 0.5–2.5% and shows a non-connected pore network in 2D. Gas adsorption (N2, Ar, He) porosity (pore diameters down to 2 nm) has been measured to be 0.3–7%. Overall more than 40% of the visible porosity is present within the matrix. Comparing the Whitby Mudstone Formation to other (producing) gas shales shows that the rock plots in the low porosity and high clay mineral content range, which could imply that Whitby Mudstone shales could be less favourable to mechanical fracturing than other gas shales. Estimated permeability indicates values in the micro-to nano-darcy range. 相似文献
40.
Kevin Stanley L. Kurt Kreuger Priyasree Bhowmik Narjes Shojaati Alexa Elliott 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(9):1853-1872
ABSTRACTIn the past decade society has entered a technological period characterized by handheld computing that supports input and processing from numerous sensors. Today’s mobile phones offer the ability to integrate input from sensors monitoring various external and internal sources (e.g., accelerometer, magnetometer, microphone, GPS, wireless Internet, and Bluetooth). Furthermore, these raw inputs can be integrated and processed in ways that can offer novel representations of human behaviour. As a result, new opportunities to examine and better understand human spatial behaviour are available; one such application is the constant monitoring of a group of people over an extended period of time. Such a research setting lends itself to natural experiments that emerge as a result of regular and on-going observations. We report here on the observation of a natural experiment that took place in the context of a month-long monitoring study of 28 participants using mobile phone-based ubiquitous sensor monitoring. The implications for public health and transportation planning are discussed. 相似文献