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Biodiversity,ecological structure,and change in the sponge community of different geomorphological zones of the barrier fore reef at Carrie Bow Cay,Belize

Changes in the relative abundance of benthic groups on the barrier fore reef at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, point to a significant reduction of corals and an expansion of the sponge community in 1995–2009. Fifty‐one species are now present in the four geomorphological zones of this reef: the low‐relief spur‐and‐groove zone, the inner reef slope, the outer ridge, and the fore‐reef slope (to a depth of 30 m). Five species are new additions to the sponge fauna reported for Belize, and six species account for 42.6% of the total assemblage: Niphates erecta (9.60%), Aiolochroia crassa (8.8%), Niphates digitalis (6.9%), Callyspongia plicifera (6.63%), Aplysina archeri (5.37%) and Xestospongia muta (5.37%). Species richness, average density, diversity and evenness indexes are statistically similar in these four zones but some species appear to be more dominant in certain areas. In the same 30 years, coral cover has decreased by more than 90%, while the octocoral cover has greatly increased (by as much as 10‐fold in the low‐relief spur‐and‐groove zone). Thus the Carrie Bow fore reef appears to be undergoing a transition from coral dominance in the late 1970s to algae dominance today, with other benthic groups such as sponges and octocorals showing signs of gradual recovery.     

近30a山西不同相态降水的统计特征及概念模型

利用山西省1981~2010年108站的地面降水观测数据,以降水量≥0.1 mm的日数为指标,对山西108个县市不同相态降水的时空分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:五寨(山西西北部)和陵川(山西东南部)平均降雨日数、平均降雪日数、平均雨夹雪日数都位于全省之首;30 a间山西的降雨日数和降雪日数分别以3.333 d/10 a和1.529 d/10 a的趋势减少,而雨夹雪日数则以0.34 d/10 a的趋势增多;山西区域降雪和降雨日数变化趋势的空间分布都具有西部减少趋势高于东部的特征,雨夹雪日数变化趋势的空间分布则具有东部增多趋势高于西部增多趋势的特征;朔州和忻州西部是降雪日数减少趋势最强的区域,运城是降雨日数减少趋势最强的区域,晋城是雨夹雪日数增多趋势最强的区域。应用328个多相态降水过程资料和NCEP再分析资料进行统计分析,结果表明:冷空气侵入导致中低空温度下降,0℃层高度降低是降水相态发生变化的主要原因;-3℃和0℃是山西中南部降水相态转变时850 hPa和925 hPa的临界值;3.5℃则是山西北部和高海拔地区降水相态发生转变时850 hPa温度的临界值;西北路冷空气侵入多相态降水过程,地面冷锋是降水相态的分界线,东路冷空气侵入多相态降水过程,低空切变线则是降水相态的分界线。     

鲁西陆块前寒武纪大地构造演化

鲁西陆块是中国前寒武纪研究的热点地区之一,其前寒武纪花岗岩-绿岩带地体的划分与构造演化历来为学者们注目。通过系统收集近年来鲁西陆块前寒武纪SHRIMP U-Pb测年数据,利用鲁西陆块前寒武纪花岗岩类岩石化学数据判别其形成的构造环境,综合国内大地构造相方面的研究成果,并在此基础上得出:鲁西陆块前寒武纪地壳形成与演化主要经历了中太古代-陆核形成阶段、新太古代-陆壳增生阶段、元古宙-大陆裂解阶段3个阶段。     

山东大地构造相研究方法划分方案与基本特征

在系统收集山东已完成的1∶5万、1∶20万和1∶25万区域地质资料基础上,通过编制山东省l∶25万实际材料图和建造构造图、1∶50万大地构造相五要素工作底图和1∶50万大地构造相图,全面介绍了大地构造相的定义、研究内容、指导思想、基本原则与编图程序。采用大地构造相编图作为大陆动力学研究的主要方法,是揭示不同陆块之间相互作用、形成过程和演化历史、研究山东大陆块体离散、会聚、碰撞、造山的大陆动力学过程的主要载体和具体表达形式。进而对山东大地构造相进行了划分,共划出华北陆块区、秦祁昆造山系和中国东部陆缘弧盆系相系3大相系,鲁西陆块、渤海陆块、大别-苏鲁结合带、威海弧盆系、胶辽岩浆弧和华北裂谷盆地6个大相以及20个相和59个亚相,明确了其鉴别标志。对陆块区、造山系和陆缘弧盆系相系以及大相、相的基本特征进行了描述;简要总结了大地构造相与成矿尤其是金矿的关系,探讨了不同矿床与大地构造相的成因联系。     

北斗三频数据实时周跳探测与修复方法对比分析

首先介绍了基于无几何相位组合、伪距相位组合以及LAMBDA算法进行三频周跳探测与修复的原理。然后对比了不同采样间隔下无几何相位组合和伪距相位组合周跳检验量的精度。无几何相位组合不受伪距噪声及多路径的影响,其周跳检验量的精度明显高于伪距相位组合的精度,周跳探测效果较好。最后从耗时和成功率两个方面对比分析了3种周跳修复方法的效果,结果表明无几何相位组合修复周跳时采用了搜索算法且搜索步长为经验值,其耗时和成功率都是最差的;伪距相位组合修复周跳时无需搜索,耗时最短,但其易受伪距噪声及多路径的影响,导致部分周跳修复失败;使用LAMBDA算法能有效减小搜索空间,并能在一定程度上控制历元间差分残留误差的影响,速度快且成功率高。综合考虑,建议使用筛选的两个无几何相位组合进行周跳探测,确认发生周跳后再使用LAMBDA算法进行修复。     

论精密单点定位整周模糊度解算的不同策略

精密单点定位（PPP）一般基于非差GPS观测值,其中相位观测所含的初始相位偏差（Initial Phase Biases, IPBs）与整周模糊度不可分离,故各类PPP估值均为模糊度浮点解。目前,借助区域或全球GPS网分离卫星IPBs,改正PPP相位观测值,可实现PPP整周模糊度解算,进而提高各类估值精度,显著缩短收敛时间。常用算法包括：分解卫星钟差（分解钟差法）和非整相位偏差（非整偏差法）估计方法。本文从GPS原始观测值入手,推导了卫星IPBs估计的满秩函数模型,以此为基础对两种算法的特点及实施进行了对比分析。研究表明：分解钟差法是一种观测信息的最优利用,且与传统的卫星钟差估计方法具有较优的一致性,但未利用卫星IPBs较为稳定的有利约束;非整偏差法对组合观测值之间的相关性未加考虑,进而是一种次优估计,其实时性实施较差,且较依赖于高精度的码观测值。文中的新模型可有效克服上述两种算法的不足,便于施加部分参数的合理时变性约束,以提高卫星IPBs估计的可靠性。     

GPS单频伪距相位平滑的离散性分析

基于Hatch滤波方法进行伪距相位平滑的研究,对GPS单频伪距相位平滑的离散性进行理论分析,给出移动窗口分段平滑方法的处理方案.采用自编软件,利用IGS跟踪站数据,对单频伪距相位平滑的离散性进行数据验证;对基于Hatch滤波的移动窗口分段平滑方法的可行性和效果进行分析,结果表明:移动窗口分段平滑方法可以较好地控制单频伪...     

基于电离层残差法探测和修复周跳多值性的方法研究

针对电离层残差法探测和修复周跳的多值性问题,基于实测数据分析了使用相位减伪距法和载波相位变化率法解决问题的可行性、方法、步骤及效果。研究表明,这两种联合算法都能正确地探测和修复周跳,且具有简单有效的特点。     

Mapping of contaminant plumes with geoelectrical methods. A case study in urban context

During the past two decades, the diagnosis and monitoring of polluted sites have become more important. Urban sites are particularly difficult to study, because they are contaminated with various pollutants, and there is a large physical and chemical heterogeneity. The heterogeneity comes from the landfilling of various solid wastes and remolded soil (endogenous or exogenous) from which they were constituted over time. Traditional techniques such as wells monitoring, are often insufficient to evaluate the extension of soil contamination.This is why we proposed a geoelectrical methodology from the fastest to the most information rich technique, showing all carry out and acquisition times: electromagnetic low frequency conductivity mapping, electrical resistivity profiles, chargeability profiles and spectral induced polarization (SIP) soundings. This strategy has been successfully applied to an urban site located in the Paris Basin (France). A conductivity map in relation with geochemical and lithological informations should provide us information to implement electrical resistivity and chargeability profiles. The latter allowed us to differentiate 3 main anomaly zones that have been determined. As interpretation of chargeability profiles is difficult, because it integrates polarization mechanisms with different relaxation times, we add spectral induced polarization soundings that provide us information concerning the contaminant nature. We determined the extension of an organic phase, and of 2 highly mineralized zones that could be linked to biodegraded and/or with pyrite areas. That theory is consistent with groundwater analysis and SIP data.The conclusion is that the suggested methodology is well suited to the study of urban contaminated sites including several different pollutants.