锡在高温气相里的迁移实验与南岭大厂 矿区100号矿体形成机制

我国著名大型锡矿大厂矿区的100号矿体是一个不规则的大脉状矿体,由质密锡铅锌矿石组成。该大脉矿体长度约1200多米。大厂矿区矿床形成过程有两个主要矿化阶段:早期锡石硫化物阶段和晚期的硫盐锡石多金属矿化阶段。矿物流体包体数据表明:早期形成于300~400℃(450℃)条件下,有高盐度流体包体与低盐度流体包体共存,流体处于从超临界流体进入近临界的气液两相不混溶区过渡阶段,有流体沸腾现象;晚期流体盐度变化小处于降温过程。而100号矿体形成于300~360℃,压力较低,仅为8.24MPa。本次研究设计一含锡溶液从超临界态进入亚临界态的气液不混溶区的实验,研究金属在气-液间再分配过程。实验模拟一个非平衡的气液分离反应动力学过程。重点研究含Sn-NaHCO3-HCl-H2O在近临界压(25~22MPa)和8~14MPa、380~300℃条件下,在亚临界态气-液两相不混溶区时相分离过程。气液分离实验是恒压降温过程。结果表明:近临界区NaHCO3-HCl-H2O的NaCl-H2O体系出现气-液(L-V)分离现象。降温远离临界点时,在V与L相里的Na、Cl浓度比:Na(V/L)、Cl(V/L)比值多数远小于1,Na、Cl主要分布在液相里。实验表明出现含Sn溶液的V-L两相分离过程,并且,Sn已在L-V间再分配,Sn(V/L)多数大于1。说明Sn多数情况下分布于气相里(贫NaCl富H2OCO2)。在380~250℃范围内NaCl-H2O-CO2体系包含的H2O-CO2体系也出现V-L两相不混溶区。实验发现H2O-CO2的L-V分离过程中,气相里HCO-3和CO2-3分布很少,CO2多。同时,锡在H2O-CO2的L-V间也存在再分配,锡分布在富CO2气体里。实验说明富CO2气体迁移锡。实验为地质解释提供依据,说明100号矿体形成于快速减压的大型裂隙条件下。在300~360℃下压力减低,使含金属流体迅速进入L-V两相不混溶区,气体快速迁移金属,快速沉积金属矿石。     

波列振幅衰减测桩法的研究与应用(Ⅱ)——桩身成型质量的检测

通过对波动、振动和尾波的特征分析，提出以足够大的力冲击桩顶，在桩顶附近记录综合波列图，利用其振幅衰减、周期变化和反射波震相等判断桩身成型质量：波列周期均匀且较小，同时波列振幅衰减较快，而又未见明显反射波震相者桩身成型良好；而有缺陷如断裂、缩径等时波列振幅衰减变慢，反射波震相明显，且有大周期出现.它对桩的浅部（特别是桩顶下5米以内的）缺陷检测特别有效.另外利用动态PS曲线也可判断桩身成型质量：曲线较平滑者，桩身成型良好；曲线出现弯折者桩身存在缺陷，缺陷程度可参照承载力受影响大小确定.     

0.6～2.0GPa压力下部分熔融角闪辉长岩的纵波波速

利用超声波透射-反射法,测量了0.6～2.0 GPa、最高1 085℃条件下角闪辉长岩的纵波波速(vp),详细统计了部分熔融阶段实验产物组分的体积百分含量,利用矿物含量和弹性参数,计算了角闪辉长岩的纵波波速.实验测量和理论计算显示了较一致的vp-t关系,即高压下角闪辉长岩的vp随温度升高先缓慢降低,在温度约800～900℃后转而大幅下降.实验产物显示,样品在温度达812℃(0.6 GPa)、865℃(1.0 GPa)和919℃(2.0 GPa)后发生矿物脱水和部分熔融,熔体含量随温度升高显著增加.熔体是导致高温阶段岩石vp快速降低的主要原因.在初熔阶段vp随熔体增加而降低尤为显著,可能是初熔时矿物脱水生成的自由水及含水量高的熔体,以微细熔体薄膜浸润矿物边界或裂隙所导致.     

Phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys up to 300 GPa: Implications for composition and structure of the Earth's inner core

We have investigated the phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys with 18 to 50 wt.% Ni up to over 300 GPa using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements show the wide stability of hcp-iron up to 301 GPa and 2000 K and 319 GPa and 300 K without phase transition to dhcp, orthorhombic, or bcc phases. On the other hand, the incorporation of nickel has a remarkable effect on expanding the stability field of fcc phase. The geometry of the temperature–composition phase diagram of iron–nickel alloys suggests that the hcp–fcc–liquid triple point is located at 10 to 20 wt.% Ni at the pressure of the inner core boundary. The fcc phase could crystallize depending on the nickel and silicon contents in the Earth's core, both of which are fcc stabilizer.     

Exact solution of earth-flattening transformation for P-SV waves: Taking surface wave as an example

Taking surface wave as an example this paper proposes an exact solution of earth-flattening transformation for P-SV waves and discusses the applicability of the approximate methods. The results show that the transform parameter m has little influence on the final results, and on the condition of short wave approximation, approximate earth-flattening transformation is suitable. Moreover, the efficiency of approximate transformation is twice of that of exact transformation. For low frequency problems exact earth-flattening transformation should be used.     

Focal depths for moderate-sized aftershocks of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and their implications

Sliding-window cross-correlation method is firstly adopted to identify sPn phase, and to constrain focal depth from regional seismograms, by measuring the time separation between sPn and Pn phases. We present the focal depths of the 17 moderate-sized aftershocks (MS≥5.0) of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earth-quake, using the data recorded by the regional seismic broadband networks of Shaanxi, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan. Our results show focal depths of aftershocks range from 8 to 20 km, and tend to cluster at two average depths, separate at 32.5°N, i.e., 11 km to the south and 17 km to the north, indicating that these aftershocks are origin of upper-to-middle crust. Combined with other results, we suggest that the Longmenshan fault is not a through-going crustal fault and the Pingwu-Qingchuan fault may be not the northward extension of the Longmenshan thrust fault.     

适用于更广渗透率范围含泥质砂岩的广义粘弹性BISQ模型

To simultaneously take into account the Biot-flow mechanism, the squirt-flow mechanism, and the frame-viscoelasticity mechanism, a generalized viscoelastic BISQ （Biot/squirt） model is developed for wave propagation in clay-bearing sandstones based on Dvorkin＇s elastic BISQ model. The present model is extended to a wide range of permeabilities （k 〉 0.05 mD） by introducing a dimensionless correction factor for viscoelastic parameters, defined as a function of the permeability and the clay content. We describe the frame＇s stress-strain relationship of the clay-bearing sandstones by the differential constitutive equations of generalized viscoelasticity and then derive the viscoelastic-wave dynamic equations. With the assumption of a plane-wave solution, we finally yield the phase velocities and the attenuation coefficients by solving the dynamic wave equations in the frequency and wave number domain. The comparison of numerical results and experimental data shows that the generalized viscoelastic BISQ model is applicable for modeling the wave propagation in most of the sandstones mainly bearing kaolinite clay.     

Phase synchronization of slips by periodical (tangential and normal) mechanical forcing in the spring-slider model

In the present study, the character of slip regimes under weak external periodical (tangential and normal) mechanical forcing has been investigated in a laboratory spring-slider system. We report the experimental evidence of phase synchronization in a slip dynamics, induced by the external periodic mechanical impact. At certain conditions, we have a stick-slip effect in the spring-slider system. To describe this effect, we can use rate-and state-dependent friction law. In our experiments, the slip events are distinguished by acoustic emission bursts, which are generated by slider displacement. In addition to drag, the weak variable mechanical forcing was superimposed either tangential or normal to the slip plane. With increasing external forcing one can see increasing phase synchronization of the first arrivals (onsets) of stick-slip generated acoustic pulses. The grouping of the onsets in a certain phase of the external periodic forcing is considered as a hallmark of the phase synchronization. The onsets of stick-slip pulses in the case of normal mechanical forcing are shifted relative to onsets in the case of tangential forcing.     

剪胀性砂土本构模型的研究

对于中密砂和密砂,剪胀现象是一个比较显著的特征,相变线是描述剪胀现象的一条特征线,它比较容易确定。因此,以相变线作为状态参考线,提出并定义了一种状态参量,在已有弹塑性模型基础上,将状态参量引入剪胀方程和塑性硬化模量表达式中,建立了一个新的考虑砂土剪胀性的本构模型。该模型尤其适合于中密砂和密砂,对于松砂则退化为原弹塑性模型。模型形式较简单,包含9个材料参数,且比较容易确定。数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

环境激励下一种基于免疫机制的结构损伤诊断方法

结构状况发生改变时,结构的振动特性将发生变化。免疫算法能有效检测出振动特性的变化。本文将环境激励下的结构响应重构相空间,对其进行奇异值分解后,选择适当个数的奇异值构造特征参数集合,应用反向选择算法进行异常值检测,以ASCE学会提出的基准结构为对象进行研究,讨论了不同个数的特征参数对检测结果的影响。分析表明,该算法能有效地判断结构状况的变化。