Stationary phase approximation in the ambient noise method revisited

The method of extracting Green's function between stations from cross correlation has proven to be effective theoretically and experimentally.It has been widely applied to surface wave tomography of the crust and upmost mantle.However,there are still controversies about why this method works.Snieder employed stationary phase approximation in evaluating contribution to cross correlation function from scatterers in the whole space,and concluded that it is the constructive interference of waves emitted by the scatterers near the receiver line that leads to the emergence of Green's function.His derivation demonstrates that cross correlation function is just the convolution of noise power spectrum and the Green's function.However,his derivation ignores influence from the two stationary points at infinities,therefore it may fail when attenuation is absent.In order to obtain accurate noise-correlation function due to scatters over the whole space,we compute the total contribution with numerical integration in polar coordinates.Our numerical computation of cross correlation function indicates that the incomplete stationary phase approximation introduces remarkable errors to the cross correlation function,in both amplitude and phase,when the frequency is low with reasonable quality factor Q.Our results argue that the distance between stations has to be beyond several wavelengths in order to reduce the influence of this inaccuracy on the applications of ambient noise method,and only the station pairs whose distances are above several (5) wavelengths can be used.     

主应力轴循环旋转下高密实粉土稳定性影响研究

为研究主应力轴循环旋转对粉土性状影响,对长江入海口高密实饱和粉土进行了主应力轴180°转幅的循环旋转试验。试验发现,等向固结的高密实粉土在恒定动剪应力比的主应力轴循环旋转下能发生孔压达到初始围压水平的液化破坏,但液化前孔压开展会因动应力水平的不同而呈现以渐变相态点和激变相态点区分的3阶段变化形式,或仅以激变相态点区分的两阶段变化形式。试样应变开展则始终呈现由崩塌点区分的两阶段变化形式,且孔压激变相态点与应变崩塌点同步反映了土体结构崩塌状态,崩塌状态时主应变差双向幅值限制在0.2%～0.4%这一较小范围内。试样进行主应力轴旋转达到崩塌时的应力状态与频率无显著关系,可由 - 空间中一条准不稳定状态线归一化。而以崩塌状态为终点进行归一化的主应力轴循环旋转下孔压振次曲线,可用修正的Seed公式进行较好拟合     

基于迭代法的同轴法X射线相衬成像的相位复原

相位复原问题是指在只有强度可以测量的情况下,从强度数据中提取出物体的相位信息。相位复原是同轴法X射线相衬成像的关键问题之一。本文采用误差递减法,通过限制物体的空间大小,结合测量到的强度数据,在物体的空域和频域都进行约束。通过反复迭代,进行带宽外推,最终实现物面和像面的相位复原。仿真实验证明了此迭代算法的收敛性,并且以塑料管为样品,在上海光源采集到同轴法X射线相衬成像的实验数据,对上述算法进行了验证。     

Selective Solid Phase Extraction for Separation and Preconcentration of Palladium from Gold Ore and Anode Slime after Complexation with a N4O2 Mixed Donor Ligand Derivative

A selective and sensitive method for the preconcentration, separation, and determination of palladium with flame atomic absorption spectrometry using 4,15‐bis[(4‐methylphenyl)sulfonyl]‐20,21‐dinitro‐2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17‐tetradecahydro‐8,11‐ethano‐1,18,4,8,11,15‐benzodioxa tetraaza cycloicosine (TNACIN) on XAD‐2010 was developed. TNACIN–Pd(II) complex formed acidic aqueous solution (0.075–0.100 M HNO₃) was accumulated on XAD‐2010 and then eluted with 1 M HCl in acetone. The effects of some analytical parameters including pH, TNACIN amount, sample volume, eluent type, and concentration, sample flow rate and matrix ions were studied for optimization of the method. Detection limit and precision were calculated for Pd(II). This method was also verified with CRM and internal standard, and satisfactory results were obtained.     

Application of the Response Surface Method for Optimization of Headspace Liquid Phase Microextraction of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water

An optimized analysis method based on headspace liquid phase microextraction (HS‐LPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was proposed for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction of THMs for analysis by HS‐LPME. The temperature, extraction time and NaCl concentration were found to be important extraction parameters. The coefficient of determination (R²) for the model was 94.97%. A high probability value (P < 0.0001) for the regression indicated that the model had a high level of significance. The optimum conditions were seen to be: temperature 42.0°C, NaCl concentration 0.30 g/mL, and extraction time 28 min. The response variable was the summation of the THMs chromatography peak areas and the reproducibility of this was investigated in five replicate experiments under the optimized conditions. The relative standard deviations (RSD%) of the THMs ranged from 8.0–11.6%. The limits of detection (LODs), based on a signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) of three ranged from 0.42–0.78 μg/L, and were lower than the maximum limits for THMs in drinking water established by the WHO.     

Incorporation of Heavy Metals Bioavailability into Risk Characterization

The bioavailability of field‐aged Cd and Cu was calculated, and compared to the total concentrations determined by acid digestion. Only 0.60–4.15% for Cd and 0.59–9.43% for Cu were found to be bioavailable when determined by stomach‐phase extraction. The incorporation of bioavailability reduced more than 90% of the calculated risk of the metals at the site of study. It should be noted that such a reduction may not be generalized and the site‐specific bioavailability needs to be determined case by case.     

地面核磁共振信号相位求取电阻率

椭圆极化现象是电磁场在导电介质中传播时产生的,为得到准确的相位信息,在计算激发磁场时应考虑椭圆极化。本文研究了地面核磁共振(SNMR)信号相位求取电阻率的基本方法,利用SNMR信号通过广义逆反演法得到电阻率未知情况下的含水率及层位分布,作为相位反演电阻率的先验值,通过模拟退火法实现对电阻率的反演。对SNMR的研究解决了通过相位对电阻率的求取,有利于进一步利用相位信息提高含水层和含水率反演的精度。      

低温环境下含表面裂隙硬岩温度场及冻胀演化过程分析

寒区含表面裂隙硬岩与大气连通,易受外界低温环境引起裂隙内部水分凝结,造成裂隙带附近形成温度场突变,进而随水冰相变产生冻胀力,二者随着冻结活动处于动态演化之中,涉及到温度场、渗流场及应力场等多场问题。目前的研究大多依据数值模拟结果,描述裂隙岩体温度场、应力场分布特征及规律,考虑从基础理论解析计算角度,探究低温环境下裂隙岩体温度场、冻胀力演化规律鲜有报道。针对含表面裂隙硬岩在低温环境下发生的冻结现象,从传热学理论、相变理论、弹塑性力学及断裂力学理论等多角度出发,探讨随着冻结深入含表面裂隙硬岩内部温度场及冻胀荷载演化过程,提出对应解析表达式,引入多场耦合数值程序Comsol-Multiphysics进行数值模拟验证,结果表明,文中提出的温度场及冻胀荷载演化解析表达式与数值模拟结果具有较好吻合度,可满足对含表面裂隙半无限板模型温度场、应力场演化过程分析,对于裂隙岩体在低温环境下温度场、应力场演化及热-力耦合分析具有较好借鉴价值。     

山西地区地壳S波速度结构

利用山西及周边共44个宽频地震台2014-01~07地震噪声数据,反演瑞利波群速度和相速度频散,得到研究区域的三维剪切波速度。上地壳中,山西断陷带表现为较低的速度异常,而两侧的隆起区则显示高速异常;中下地壳主要表现为以北纬38.5°左右为界的南高北低的速度特征。大同盆地从浅部到中下地壳整体呈现为低速特征,与该地区广泛存在的火山群有关。     

BDS多路径效应特征及其对静态基线解精度的影响

为研究BDS载波相位多路径效应的特征,在强多路径环境下进行连续多天短基线静态数据采集,并计算双差观测值残差序列,分GEO、IGSO、MEO 3类卫星分析BDS多路径重复性,在此基础上研究多路径效应对BDS静态基线解精度的影响。结果表明,BDS多路径误差具有较强的重复性,其中GEO及IGSO卫星的多路径误差重复周期为1 d,MEO卫星的多路径误差重复周期为7 d;GEO卫星的多路径误差具有系统性偏移,但不是一个常数,而是随时间发生缓慢变化,因此长时间的静态观测并不能平滑该误差,从而导致在较强多路径环境下,BDS多路径误差对其静态解的影响可达cm级。