基于Hock-Brown强度准则的高应力判据理论分析

如何评价工程岩体中赋存的应力状态一直是工程设计人员所要面对的基本问题之一.应力状态评价需综合考虑岩体强度和岩体中赋存的应力两个要素,其评价结果反映了地下结构围岩在二次应力场作用下满足岩体强度准则时可能的变形破坏响应.通过对前人研究成果的分析,总结出高应力作用下地下结构的基本变形破坏规律.利用Hoek-Brown强度准则...     

An analytical solution for the nonlinear distribution of effective and total stresses in vertical backfilled stopes

The increasing use of backfill in underground mines requires a proper evaluation of the stress state in and around the filled openings. This is, however, a relatively complex issue due, in part, to the large contrast in strength and stiffness between the backfill material and surrounding rock mass. In recent years, it has been shown that arching theory, based on limit equilibrium analysis, can be used to estimate the stress distribution in backfilled stopes. Nonetheless, many simplifications are involved in such analytical solutions and this affects the precision and significance of the calculated results. In this paper, a previously developed solution is enhanced by introducing the combined effects of non-uniform vertical stress distribution and positive pore water pressure. This leads to a more representative analytical solution, as demonstrated by successful comparisons with numerical simulations. The results indicate that the proposed solution can be used to estimate the effective and total stress state in submerged or partially submerged backfilled stopes with a simple geometry.     

Weathering of granite in Antarctica: II. Thermal stress at the grain scale

Granular disintegration has long been recognized and referred to in weathering texts from all environments, including the Antarctic. Despite this universal identification and referral, few to no data exist regarding thermal conditions at this scale and causative mechanisms remain little more than conjecture. Here, as part of a larger weathering study, thermal data of individual grains (using infrared thermometry and ultra‐fine thermocouples) composing a coarse granite, as well as the thermal gradients in the outer 10 cm (using thermistors), were collected from a north‐facing exposure. Measurements were also made regarding the surface roughness of the rock. Based on recorded temperatures, the nature of the rock surface and the properties of the minerals, an argument is made for complex stress fields that lead to granular disintegration. Mineral to mineral temperature differences found to occur were, in part, due to the changing exposure to solar radiation through the day (and through seasons). Because the thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal expansion of quartz are not equal in all directions, coupled with the vagaries of heating, this leads to inter‐granular stresses. Although fracture toughness increases with a decrease in temperature, it is suggested that the tensile forces resulting from falling temperatures are able to exceed this and produce granular disassociation. The lack of equality with respect to crystal axis of both thermal conductivity and expansion in quartz further exacerbates the propensity to failure. Grain size and porosity also influence the thermal stresses and may help explain why some grains are held in place despite disassociation near the surface. While the data presented here appear to beg more questions than providing answers, they do provide a basis for better, more detailed studies of this important weathering scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constrains on stresses in isotropic homogeneous infinite half-spaces being in welded contact: 2D anti-plane and in-plane cases

Formulas are derived for two-dimensional problems relating stresses across a plane boundary that divides infinite homogeneous half-spaces being in welded contact. The calculations are made for both anti-plane and in-plane stress cases. The results obtained for the former case that involve only two stress components are useful in the analysis of fracture of strike-slip type. For the in-plane case, the relations that link stresses in one half-space with the corresponding homogeneous stresses in the other half-space are presented for arbitrarily oriented shear and normal stresses and for the center of compression (dilatation). The above relations provide a compete set of expressions that, among other things, make it possible to analyze stresses involved in faulting of deep-slip type in an inhomogeneous medium. The quantitative preliminary evaluations based on the results obtained demonstrate the great role of low rigidity media in fracture processes of all kinds within the Earth’s crust.     

工程区高地应力判据研究及实例分析

对原地应力状态的准确把握是地下工程稳定性评价的重要基础,而选择可行的高地应力判据是进行地应力状态评价的前提条件。在详细分析现有各种原地应力评价判据的基础上,提出可行的高地应力判据,并在判据模型中引入了国际上认可度非常高的Shoerey模型,但该模型没有考虑岩体变形模量和岩石弹性模量的区别。通过广泛研究目前国内外关于岩体强度的理论和方法,引入Hoek-Brown岩体强度估算理论,补充完善了Shoerey模型。云南禄丰某工程隧道,工程区共布置两个地应力测孔,测试结果较为离散。利用应力状态评价和数据拟合方法,推算出最大埋深部位的应力值达19.29 MPa,而岩体整体强度仅为5.243 MPa。按照强度应力比和Shoerey模型的评判标准,该隧道洞身部位的应力状态均为极高应力状态,应引起重视。对原地应力状态评价的一般方法和步骤进行了概括总结,以方便其他工程参考使用。     

加筋土计算中等效附加应力法的改进

等效附加应力法的基本思路是把加筋土中筋的作用等效成外力加在土骨架上,取加筋土中的土体进行计算。这种方法能够适用于纤维加筋、分层加筋和土钉墙等不同情况,且能够克服一般复合材料方法中复合材料本构模型难以建立,和把筋土分开考虑的方法中接触面单元过多的弊病。但以前的等效附加应力法需要迭代计算,这给有限元编程带来困难,而且不利于已有程序的改编。对等效附加应力法进行改进,只要在原有土的弹性矩阵或弹塑性矩阵中加上一个附加矩阵就可以直接求解。这就使得不需要迭代就可以直接应用等效附加应力法进行加筋土计算,大大简化了编程难度,改进方法的提出有助于等效附加应力法的推广应用。     

差应力与岩石熔融性状关系的实验研究

为考察不同应力状态下岩石应变与岩石熔融作用的关系,利用英国Instron公司生产的电液伺服实验系统,配以围压和加温系统设计了动、静态不同条件下细粒闪长岩的对比熔融实验,力图找到差应力与岩石熔融程度及其熔体成分的关系。通过岩石动、静态熔融实验结果的对比得出：差应力的存在能够导致细粒闪长岩的熔融,随着差应力（应变速率）的增加,熔体的量增加,熔体成分向富Si、Al方向转变。     

Wilson非协调数值流形方法

三维数值流形方法中,当数学覆盖取六面体体单元时流形单元总体位移函数中所包含的多项式并不是完全的,非完全的高次项非但对改善精度不起作用,而且还可能起相反的作用。为此,基于Wilson非协调元理论,推导了附加非协调位移基本项的流形元通用公式,通过内参静力凝聚处理,导出了消除单元内参后的单元应变矩阵、单元刚度矩阵,建立了非协调数值流形方法。数值试验表明,在规则数学网格覆盖下它们能够保证收敛,有较高的精度,从而证明所建方法的可行性。     

The Verification and Significance of Three Approaches to Longitudinal Stresses in High–resolution Models of Glacier Flow

With the purpose of improving the ice physics underpinning time–dependent glacier flowline models, three independent approaches for solving longitudinal stresses in glaciers are discussed and verified by application to Haut Glacier d'Arolla. To highlight any shortcomings, the reduced and much utilised driving stress approximation is also applied and compared. Modelled velocity patterns using the three full stress schemes exhibit consistency with one another and good coincidence with observed velocities for the 1991 summer melt season. Furthermore, these stress patterns indicate that longitudinal stresses are significant and of a similar order of magnitude as the basal shear stress components. However, the driving stress approximation yields erratic fluctuations in the stress and velocity fields which are neither realistic in terms of mass continuity nor agree with observations. Basal decoupling experiments indicate a complex relationship between basal velocity and englacial stresses with considerable dampening of any basal perturbation occurring as it is dissipated towards the surface and transferred throughout the ice mass. The driving stress approximation fails to account at all for any such coupling. Experiments to identify the length scale over which longitudinal effects operate indicate that they are significant even up to 10 ice thicknesses. The implication here is that longitudinal stresses play a significant role in determining glacier dynamics on length scales up to at least 2 km and that the predictive power of models of glacier flow based purely on the driving stress approximation is therefore subject to significant limitations. Inclusion of longitudinal stresses overcomes one of the main limitations imposed on such models and, given the potential ease of incorporation of the schemes described here, this deficiency may readily be resolved.     

On Fröhlich's solution for Boussinesq's problem

The concentration factor introduced by O. K. Fröhlich is visualized as a procedure for examining the pattern of load transfer from surface loads to the interior of a geomaterial. The historical details that led to the introduction of the concentration factor are scant although it is widely used in the area of soil mechanics problems associated with tillage‐induced soil compaction. The purpose of this note is to examine the concentration factor in terms of the geomechanics of an elastic continuum and to identify the precise conditions that are satisfied by the distribution of stresses and strains that accommodate the concentration factor. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.