地面超载引起邻近埋地管道的位移分析

地基土承受超载作用时就会产生沉降,在土体沉降作用下埋置于其中的管道,管壁就会产生变形甚至破裂。为分析地面超载对临近地下管线的影响,基于温克勒（Winkler）弹性地基短梁理论,应用Boussinesq解,考虑地面超载引起下卧层的沉降及地基土体的侧向移动对管道的影响,建立地面超载对埋地管道影响的分析计算模型,并采用有限差分法进行求解;通过算例分析了超载大小、位置,管道刚度、埋深、管径以及土体性质对埋地管道位移的影响;结果表明：超载大小、管道的刚度、埋深、管径对地下管道位移的影响较大,而当地基基床系数和超载离管道的距离增大到一定值时,地面超载对其影响将减弱。因此,需要考虑邻近超载对管道的影响,合理制定埋地管道的保护措施。     

基于改进Kriging插值模型的城市地面沉降变形趋势面模拟

从建筑物荷载引发地面沉降的机理模型出发,综合考虑建筑物产生的附加应力以及地基土壤压缩性质对沉降量的影响,构建了改进克里金插值模型。通过实际应用证明,使用改进克里金插值模型进行城市地面沉降空间趋势面模拟和计算,能够准确清晰地反映沉降变形的大小和趋势,从而为地面沉降的空间建模与可视化分析、总结建筑物荷载作用下城市地面沉降的变形规律奠定基础。     

水准测量中尺度比参数的附加系统参数的Partial EIV模型解法

针对目前水准测量中尺度比参数的附加系统参数的平差模型,本文对模型进行重构,提出尺度比参数的附加系统参数的partial errors-in-variables（Partial EIV）模型,给出总体最小二乘准则下的解算公式及迭代算法。实际算例和模拟数据结果表明,本文方法与传统方法在处理尺度比参数为附加系统参数时的效果基本一致,并给出相关的理论依据。     

板式基础托换法开发地下空间施工过程的数值分析

板式基础托换法是应用在既有建筑物地下空间开发中的一种方法。它先施工拟建地下室的部分顶板,依靠板下土体支撑既有建筑物的荷载,同时开挖其余部分的土方。土方开挖后,再施工该区域的柱或墙等竖向构件以及底板;然后,依靠这部分底板支撑上部荷载,完成剩余的土方开挖和顶板、底板的施工。利用ANSYS建立三维有限元模型,分5个工况对托换施工过程进行分析,得到各部位柱脚的沉降规律：在土方开挖之前,中间部位柱脚的沉降大于周边部位的柱脚;土方开挖后,由于“卸载”作用中间部位柱脚出现明显的回弹,使得中间部位柱脚的沉降小于周边部位的柱脚。不均匀沉降值的大小和地基土的弹性模量以及上部结构是否加载有关。不均匀沉降产生的上部结构的附加弯矩可以通过建立二维有限元模型求出。     

不同压应力作用下黏土体积变形的微观特征

为了研究黏土体积变形的微观结构变化特征,选取上海第4层淤泥质黏土为研究对象,分别采用各向等压和K0压缩两种方法制备体积变化率相同的土样,经冷冻真空干燥后对土样进行压汞试验并测定土中孔隙大小分布状况。压汞试验结果表明：试验黏土中孔隙可分为大孔隙、中孔隙、小孔隙和微孔隙,小孔隙占据土中孔隙的大部分空间,且其变化能够反映微观结构的主要特性;在各向等压应力状态下,随着压应力增高、体积压缩量增大,黏土颗粒发生空间平移使颗粒间变得更为紧密,孔隙分布曲线变化以孔隙波峰往孔隙变小方向偏移为主要特征,孔隙尺寸变小而孔隙形态基本不变;在K0压缩应力状态下,随着压应力增高,黏土颗粒发生旋转使孔隙变得扁平,表现为孔隙波峰位置基本不发生偏移,而以峰值降低为主要特征,孔隙结构形态明显改变     

利用抗剪强度计算地基承载力特征值方法探讨

利用不同地层情况的计算实例,分别采用抗剪强度指标厚度加权平均法和附加应力面积法对地基承载力特征值进行计算,对计算结果进行分析,对不同的计算方法的理论原理进行了剖析,提出利用附加应力系数法计算抗剪强度指标标准值的结论。同时提出抗剪强度指标应采用不固结不排水剪指标,当持力层为粉土时应对其抗剪强度指标进行75%的折减的方法和建议。为合理利用抗剪强度指标计算地基承载力特征值提供了有益的参考。     

基于Hock-Brown强度准则的高应力判据理论分析

如何评价工程岩体中赋存的应力状态一直是工程设计人员所要面对的基本问题之一.应力状态评价需综合考虑岩体强度和岩体中赋存的应力两个要素,其评价结果反映了地下结构围岩在二次应力场作用下满足岩体强度准则时可能的变形破坏响应.通过对前人研究成果的分析,总结出高应力作用下地下结构的基本变形破坏规律.利用Hoek-Brown强度准则...     

An analytical solution for the nonlinear distribution of effective and total stresses in vertical backfilled stopes

The increasing use of backfill in underground mines requires a proper evaluation of the stress state in and around the filled openings. This is, however, a relatively complex issue due, in part, to the large contrast in strength and stiffness between the backfill material and surrounding rock mass. In recent years, it has been shown that arching theory, based on limit equilibrium analysis, can be used to estimate the stress distribution in backfilled stopes. Nonetheless, many simplifications are involved in such analytical solutions and this affects the precision and significance of the calculated results. In this paper, a previously developed solution is enhanced by introducing the combined effects of non-uniform vertical stress distribution and positive pore water pressure. This leads to a more representative analytical solution, as demonstrated by successful comparisons with numerical simulations. The results indicate that the proposed solution can be used to estimate the effective and total stress state in submerged or partially submerged backfilled stopes with a simple geometry.     

Weathering of granite in Antarctica: II. Thermal stress at the grain scale

Granular disintegration has long been recognized and referred to in weathering texts from all environments, including the Antarctic. Despite this universal identification and referral, few to no data exist regarding thermal conditions at this scale and causative mechanisms remain little more than conjecture. Here, as part of a larger weathering study, thermal data of individual grains (using infrared thermometry and ultra‐fine thermocouples) composing a coarse granite, as well as the thermal gradients in the outer 10 cm (using thermistors), were collected from a north‐facing exposure. Measurements were also made regarding the surface roughness of the rock. Based on recorded temperatures, the nature of the rock surface and the properties of the minerals, an argument is made for complex stress fields that lead to granular disintegration. Mineral to mineral temperature differences found to occur were, in part, due to the changing exposure to solar radiation through the day (and through seasons). Because the thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal expansion of quartz are not equal in all directions, coupled with the vagaries of heating, this leads to inter‐granular stresses. Although fracture toughness increases with a decrease in temperature, it is suggested that the tensile forces resulting from falling temperatures are able to exceed this and produce granular disassociation. The lack of equality with respect to crystal axis of both thermal conductivity and expansion in quartz further exacerbates the propensity to failure. Grain size and porosity also influence the thermal stresses and may help explain why some grains are held in place despite disassociation near the surface. While the data presented here appear to beg more questions than providing answers, they do provide a basis for better, more detailed studies of this important weathering scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constrains on stresses in isotropic homogeneous infinite half-spaces being in welded contact: 2D anti-plane and in-plane cases

Formulas are derived for two-dimensional problems relating stresses across a plane boundary that divides infinite homogeneous half-spaces being in welded contact. The calculations are made for both anti-plane and in-plane stress cases. The results obtained for the former case that involve only two stress components are useful in the analysis of fracture of strike-slip type. For the in-plane case, the relations that link stresses in one half-space with the corresponding homogeneous stresses in the other half-space are presented for arbitrarily oriented shear and normal stresses and for the center of compression (dilatation). The above relations provide a compete set of expressions that, among other things, make it possible to analyze stresses involved in faulting of deep-slip type in an inhomogeneous medium. The quantitative preliminary evaluations based on the results obtained demonstrate the great role of low rigidity media in fracture processes of all kinds within the Earth’s crust.