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11.
12.
A new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system is developed for direct in-situ measurement of sediment geoacoustic properties (compressional wave velocity and attenuation). The new in-situ system consists of two parts: the deck control unit and the underwater measurement unit. The underwater measurement unit emits sonic waves that propagate through the seafloor sediment, receives the returning signals, and transmits them to the deck control unit for waveform display and analysis. The entire operation is controlled and monitored in real time by the deck control unit on the research vessel and can provide recording of full waveforms to determine the sound velocity and attenuation. This paper outlines the design of the system, the measurement process, and demonstrates its application in tests carded out on seabed sediment off the Qingdao coast, China. The test results show that the system performed well and rapidly provided accurate in-situ acoustic velocity and attenuation estimates of the seafloor sediment. 相似文献
13.
Non-erodible elements, for its disturbance to the near-surface airflow, have been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions to protect the surface from wind erosion. Roughness length was usually used to evaluate the protection effect of non-erodible elements from wind erosion. In this study, the wind profiles above five types of non-erodible surfaces including gravel, wheat straw checkerboard barriers, cotton stem checkerboard barriers, shrubs, and herbs were measured and analyzed. The wind velocities above these surfaces increased with height approximately in logarithmic functions. The roughness length of different non-erodible surfaces was calculated by the functions of wind profiles. The results reveal that:(1) Roughness length increased with wind velocity in given wind velocity ranges. (2) On vegetative surfaces, wind did not effectively bend the stems. The threshold wind velocity for bending the stems of Achnatherum splendens was 4 m/s, 10 m/s for Agropyron cristatum, and for Artemisia ordosica, no obvious bending of stems even for wind velocity reaching 12 m/s. (3) Correlation analysis results show that the vegetation''s coverage and frontal area affect the roughness length more significantly than the other parameters. (4) The protective results of these non-erodible elements were evaluated. The checkerboard sand barriers made of cotton stem could provide more effective protection than that made of wheat straw. In the same coverage conditions, vegetation could provide more effective protection from wind erosion than gravel, and the blending of different non-erodible elements especially the combination of blending of vegeation and checkerboard sand barriers could provide more effective protection to the surface. 相似文献
14.
???ú??CORS?????????4???GPS????????????GAMIT/GLOBK??????е??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????3???????????????150 mm??11?′??????????4??????????????????10 mm/a????????溯?????????????????????????????????6′×6′????????????????????????????????? 相似文献
15.
黄河海港动力地貌条件的初步探讨 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
在黄河海港选址及未来预测中,作者通过海岸动力、悬沙分布、粒度特征、地形对比研究法等分析,获得了黄河口迁离黄河海港附近8年后的海底蚀淤厚度、侵蚀与淤积速率、净余侵蚀总重量、泥沙活动带的活动规律与海岸剖面塑造及其演变的关系,从而为黄河海港的设置与工程布局提供了科学依据。 相似文献
16.
G. T. Csanady 《Journal of Oceanography》1997,53(1):67-80
A “slip law” connects the excess velocity or “slip” of a wind-blown water surface, relative to the motion in the middle of
the mixed layer, to the wind stress, the wind-wave field, and buoyancy flux. An inner layer-outer layer model of the turbulent
shear flow in the mixed layer is appropriate, as for a turbulent boundary layer or Ekman layer over a solid surface, allowing,
however, for turbulent kinetic energy transfer from the air-side via breaking waves, and for Stokes drift. Asymptotic matching
of the velocity distributions in inner and outer portions of the mixed layer yields a slip law of logarithmic form, akin to
the drag law of a turbulent boundary layer. The dominant independent variable is the ratio of water-side roughness length
to mixed layer depth or turbulent Ekman depth. Convection due to surface cooling is also an important influence, reducing
surface slip. Water-side roughness length is a wind-wave property, varying with wind speed similarly to air-side roughness.
Slip velocity is typically 20 times water-side friction velocity or 3% of wind speed, varying within a range of about 2 to
4.5%. A linearized model of turbulent kinetic energy distribution shows much higher values near the surface than in a wall
layer. Nondimensional dissipation peaks at a value of about eight, a short distance below the surface. 相似文献
17.
中国大陆地壳垂直运动梯度图的编绘 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
黄立人 《大地测量与地球动力学》1995,(2)
本文介绍了一种量化地壳垂直运动速度梯度的方法,并用此方法编绘了中国大陆现代地壳垂直运动速度梯度图。 相似文献
18.
19.
星系的恒星视向速度分布是星系动力学模型的重要观测约束,其特征参数包括速度弥散度、分布轮廓以及红移。这些参数对研究星系的动力学、结构和演化以及中央黑洞的质量等都具有重要的价值。该文全面总结了从星系光谱归算星系的恒星视向速度分布及其弥散度的各种方法,以及对观测和处理的一些要求。这些方法都假设星系谱线可看作是模板星光谱经多普勒位移并加宽后的线性叠加。提取尽可能多的星系内部恒星运动信息、减少模板星失配的影响、简化误差分析,是这些方法追求的目标。 相似文献
20.
本文提出了一种适用于北极冰下水声通信的最小均方/四次方直接自适应均衡器(LMS/F-DAE)。它能处理基带复信号,与LMS相比,具有更好的均衡效果。考虑到均衡器的稀疏特性,在其代价函数中加入自适应范数(AN)作为约束。它能根据均衡器系数的大小自适应变化:对于小系数,此约束项存在以加快收敛速度;对于大系数,此约束项不存在以减小均衡误差。利用第九次中国北极科学考察得到的实验数据验证AN-LMS/F-DAE的性能。结果表明,与传统的LMS/F-DAE相比,AN-LMS/F-DAE能提升均衡器的稀疏性且均衡性能更优。 相似文献