Analysis of EMD algorithm for identification and extraction of an acoustic signal in underwater channel against wind driven ambient noise

Sonar generated acoustic signals transmitted in underwater channel for distant communications are affected by numerous factors like ambient noise, making them nonlinear and non-stationary in nature. In recent years, the application of Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） technique to analyze nonlinear and non-stationary signals has gained much attention. It is an empirical approach to decompose a signal into a set of oscillatory modes known as intrinsic mode functions （IMFs）. In general, Hilbert transform is used in EMD for the identification of oscillatory signals. In this paper anew EMD algorithm is proposed using FFT to identify and extract the acoustic signals available in the underwater channel that are corrupted due to various ambient noises over a range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz in a shallow water region.Data for analysis are collected at a depth of 5 m and 10 m offshore Chennai at the Bay of Bengal. The algorithm is validated for different sets of known and unknown reference signals. It is observed that the proposed EMD algorithmidentifies and extracts the reference signals against various ambient noises. Significant SNR improvement is alsoachieved for underwater acoustic signals.     

声波测试法在判别地下厂房EDZ中的应用

洞室开挖不可避免地会损伤岩体, 对于规模巨大、布置异常复杂的水电地下厂房围岩尤甚, 合理地确定开控损伤区(EDZ)分布成为地下洞室的信息化设计、施工和安全运营的关键性问题.在引入EDZ概念及强EDZ、弱EDZ和基本未损区分区的基础上, 提出采用声波测试方法来确定强EDZ和弱EDZ的分布.将声波波速-深度曲线划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型等3种曲线类型, 根据曲线特征点, 对EDZ进行定性、半定量的初判.根据波速计算得出的损伤因子D, 对强、弱EDZ和基本未损区进行定量的判别.首次提出的基于声波测试法, 定性、半定量和定量相结合的综合研判法具有创新性, 为客观评价地下洞室EDZ提供了科学的方法.      

持续开挖效应下结构面剪切力学性质与能量特征研究

基于地下岩体工程开挖扰动的实际情况,开展考虑持续开挖效应,充分反映岩体结构面应力调整过程的结构面剪切试验更具理论意义和工程应用价值。采用人工劈裂方法制备岩体结构面,开展了常规应力路径和持续开挖效应下的结构面剪切试验,系统研究了两种条件下结构面剪切力学性质、声发射特征和能量的演化规律。研究结果表明：开挖扰动荷载强度越大,结构面发生剪切破坏时的剪应力降整体上越大,但持续开挖效应下的剪应力降最大值仅为常规应力路径下剪应力降的48.57%;考虑持续开挖效应的结构面剪切过程中声发射活动主要集中于结构面受剪破坏和剪应力降产生时,且声发射活动强度与开挖扰动强度正相关,声发射振铃计数变化率极值明显小于常规应力路径下的相应值;持续开挖效应下试样裂纹发育密集度、结构面磨损区域及破坏程度均随开挖扰动强度增加而增加,但试样裂纹发育的密集程度和结构面破坏程度相对常规应力路径下的情况轻;考虑持续开挖效应的结构面发生剪切破坏时弹性应变能随扰动荷载增大而增大,均低于常规应力路径条件下的弹性应变能值,持续开挖效应降低了结构面剪切破坏的强度,但更易引发结构面发生剪切破坏。     

砂岩单轴压缩试验P波速度层析成像及声发射特性研究

深部矿井开采极易诱发矿柱型岩爆,矿柱型岩爆严重威胁着矿山的安全高效开采,为探究矿柱型岩爆破坏机制和前兆信息,选用自贡红砂岩进行单轴压缩试验,并采用主动超声和被动声发射对破裂过程进行监测,联合主动超声与被动声发射监测数据对波速进行层析成像反演,分析试样破裂过程中波速演化规律。研究结果表明：砂岩试样在加载过程中速度模型呈现高度非均质性,在加载过程中会出现低速区,且声发射事件集中出现在低速区内部;P波速度离散度可反映全局波速变化特征,在峰值附近变化剧烈,随荷载增加P波速度离散度持续增大;声发射事件在峰前、峰后定位结果相差较大,峰前阶段声发射事件随机分布,峰后阶段声发射事件定位结果集中。此外,研究发现选用均质速度模型进行声发射事件定位会增大定位误差,试样最终失稳前b值的降低表明试样大尺度裂纹活动加剧,导致岩石非均质性增大,也间接证明了采用非均质速度模型进行声发射震源定位的必要性。该研究结果可用于现场矿柱稳定性监测,定期反演获得矿柱波速变化为矿柱型岩爆提供先兆预警信息。     

冻融温变速率对岩石受载特性的影响规律

以贺兰山岩画、云冈石窟等中常见的硅质胶结砂岩为研究对象,对不同温变速率冻融后岩样进行称重、超声波测试和单轴压缩试验,探究了冻融后岩石物理力学性质随冻融温变速率的变化规律;根据冻融后岩石受载过程中的声发射和微震特征,揭示了温变速率对冻融后岩石内部不同尺度裂纹扩展的影响规律及其内在机制。研究表明：（1）随着温变速率增加,岩样冻融后的微裂纹增多,颗粒间联结强度减弱,峰值强度、弹性模量降低,破坏应变及损伤参量D_e、D_v增大;（2）冻融岩石受载过程中,微裂纹具有“初始压密―扩展孕育―急速扩展”的演化特征,宏观裂纹演化过程可分为“匀速扩展－急速扩展”两个阶段,其中宏观裂纹的急速扩展阶段还呈现出“孕育－扩展－再孕育－再扩展”的波浪式发展特点;温变速率越大,冻融后岩石受载过程中的微裂纹、宏观裂纹扩展越快,且更易于进入急速扩展阶段;当温变速率增大到一定数值后,微裂纹、宏观裂纹从加载开始即以较高速率扩展,直至岩样破坏;（3）微裂纹孕育阶段和加载全过程的声发射振铃相对增长速率,以及宏观裂纹匀速扩展阶段的相对时长、微震振铃相对增长速率均与损伤参量D_e、D_v具有较好的拟合关系,能够反映冻融循环对岩石的初始损伤作用;（4）冻胀力随温变速率增加而增大,导致不同温变速率冻融后岩样的初始损伤不同,这是引起冻融后岩石受载过程中裂纹扩展、声震特性出现显著差异的内在原因。     

基于星座图改进的QAM盲均衡算法

针对多模辅助算法均方误差高的缺点,提出了两种基于星座图改进的盲均衡算法.首先利用16QAM星座图信息,增加多模辅助算法代价函数中信号点的均衡数目,得到改进的多模辅助算法,与多模辅助算法相比,改进后的算法稳态均方误差更低,而且收敛速度略有提高;其次将改进的多模辅助算法和判决引导算法相结合,根据均方误差调整两种算法的比例,得到的混合算法进一步降低了稳态均方误差.水声信道仿真结果表明:提出的两种算法都可以有效地降低均方误差,适用于对精度要求较高的场合.     

Sedimentary processes on the Crimean continental margin in the Black Sea

Structural specific features of the sedimentary succession on the continental margin of the South Crimea in the Black Sea have been examined in the Yalta Area using geomorphologic, acoustic, and lithologic methods. Alternation of regressive and transgressive sequences has been ascertained in sediment sections formed on the shelf and in the Yalta deep-sea fan due to Quaternary oscillations of the basin level. The analysis of sediment sections resulted in revealing a leading role of sedimentary material transference from upper hypsometric levels to lower ones in the sediment accumulation.     

Recent advances in earthquake monitoring I: Ongoing revolution of seismic instrumentation

Seismic networks have significantly improved in the last decade in terms of coverage density, data quality, and instrumental diversity. Moreover, revolutionary advances in ultra-dense seismic instruments, such as nodes and fiber-optic sensing technologies, have recently provided unprecedented high-resolution data for regional and local earthquake monitoring. Nodal arrays have characteristics such as easy installation and flexible apertures, but are limited in power efficiency and data storage and thus most suitable as temporary networks. Fiber-optic sensing techniques, inclu-ding distributed acoustic sensing, can be operated in real time with an in-house power supply and connected data storage, thereby exhibiting the potential of becoming next-generation permanent networks. Fiber-optic sensing techniques offer a powerful way of filling the observation gap particularly in submarine environments. Despite these technological advancements, various challenges remain. First, the data characteristics of fiber-optic sensing are still unclear. Second, it is challenging to construct software infrastructures to store, transfer, visualize, and process large amount of seismic data. Finally, innovative detection methods are required to exploit the potential of numerous channels. With improved knowledge about data characteristics, enhanced software infrastructures, and suitable data processing techniques, these innovations in seismic instrumentation could profoundly impact observational seismology.     

海底声学底质分类技术的研究现状与前景

对海底声学底质分类技术的研究现状进行了分析。介绍了目前典型的底质分类设备、软件以及可采取的分类方法,探讨了我国开展海底声学底质分类技术研究、开发的可行性与具体实现的思路。