Emissions of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds from Plants Part I: Emissions from Lipoxygenase Activity

Emissions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC) from several plant species were measured in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR). High emission pulses of OVOCs were observed when plants were exposed to stress. Absolute emission rates were highly variable ranging up to 10^–13 mol · cm^–2 · s^–1. The temporal shape of these emissions was described by a formalism similar to that of a consecutive reaction of pseudo first order kinetics. The main emitted OVOC was (Z)-3-hexenol together with other C₆-aldehydes and alcohols, suggesting that lipoxygenase activity on linolenic acid was mainly responsible for OVOC production. Various stress factors induced lipoxygenase activity and subsequent emissions of OVOCs. These factors were exposure to high ozone concentrations, pathogen attack, and wounding. The pattern of OVOC emissions from tobacco was similar for different stress applications and the same products of lipoxygenase activity were emitted from all investigated plant species. Our results imply that these emissions occur as general response of the plants to stress. Since plants experience various abiotic or biotic stress factors in the environment, OVOC emissions as a response to stress are likely to be of significant importance for atmospheric chemistry.Now at     

Emissions of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds from Plants Part II: Emissions of Saturated Aldehydes

Emissions of hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal from 6 different plant species were measured in continuously stirred tank reactors when the plants were exposed to ozone. Pathogen- and insect attack on plants also led to these emissions. The emission rates of individual aldehydes were related to each other implying a common mechanism for the emissions of these aldehydes. Furthermore, the emission pattern was similar in all cases indicating a similar emission mechanism for different plant species and different elicitors. Measurements with ozone exposed Scots pine plants (Pinus sylvestris L.) showed that the emission rates were dependent on temperature as well as on the ozone flux into the plants. The diurnal variation of aldehyde emissions from ozone exposed Scots pine were described quite well using a formalism including temperature and ozone flux as variables. Assuming the aldehyde emissions to be general for plants exposed to ozone, the global emissions were estimated to be in the range between 7 and 22 Tg/a. Because these emissions can be induced by other factors than ozone uptake alone this estimate may be a lower limit.Now atNow at     

1993—2006年中国区域酸雨变化特征及成因分析

中国气象局酸雨站网始建于1989年,最初仅有22个。1993—2005年,一直维持在85至88个,经2006和2007年两次扩建达到294个站。考虑到资料的连续性,本文是以80多个酸雨观测站有系统观测以来(即近14年)的酸雨观测资料为基础,经过客观统计分析,得出中国酸雨的时空变化特征。总的来说,中国酸雨区主体位于长江以南的广大地区,北方也存在小范围的酸雨区。从全国来看,酸雨发生范围总体上呈扩大趋势,北方酸雨发生范围扩大明显,南方基本保持不变;而且,酸雨污染重灾区由西南逐步转移至华中和华南中部。就酸雨强度而言,1993—1998年是最强阶段,1999—2002年强度有所降低,2003—2006年酸雨强度重又持续加强,到2006年已达到1993—1998年的平均水平;另一个显著特点是北方酸雨强度加强非常明显。对于中国区域降水酸度变化的成因,本文利用中国SO2排放量的变化和大气成分本底站降水化学的监测资料进行了分析和阐述。     

几种主要碳增汇/减排途径的对比分析

植树造林、节能、改善农业管理和征收碳税都是碳汇减排的重要途径,但不同途径的碳汇减排潜力和成本是不同的,对经济的影响程度也是不同的。通过不同减排方案的对比和对经济影响的分析,认为植树造林、节能和农田管理在中国有较大的碳汇减排潜力,而碳税与上述几种途径相比减排效果相对较差,而且在中国实施有一定的难度     

一种时空域优化的高精度交错网格差分算子与正演模拟

如何有效压制数值频散是有限差分正演模拟研究中的关键问题之一.近年来,许多学者对二阶声波方程的差分算子开展了大量的优化工作,在压制频散方面取得不错的效果.一阶压强-速度方程广泛用于研究地震波在地下变密度模型中传播规律,目前针对一阶方程的优化工作大多只是在空间差分算子上展开.本文在前人研究的基础上,推导出一阶声波方程中压强场与偏振速度场之间的解析关系,据此在传统交错网格基础上给出一种高精度的显式时间递推格式,该递推格式将时间差分与空间差分算子结合在一起,并采用共轭梯度法得到精确时间递推匹配系数,实现时空差分算子的同时优化.在编程实现算法的基础上,通过频散分析与三个典型模型测试表明:本文方法能够较为有效地压制时间频散与空间频散,提高数值计算精度;同时对复杂模型也有很好适用性.     

滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动实验研究(英文)

应用双剪法对滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动特性进行了研究。实验的岩石有花岗岩、玄武岩、正长岩和片麻岩。实验的正应力为10—40MPa。实验表明,花岗岩、玄武岩和正长岩三种岩石,当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时发生粘滑。稳滑与粘滑过程均出现位移强化现象。片麻岩当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时样品未滑动而发生破裂。摩擦强度值比Byerlee定律的值稍低。与济南辉长岩相比,滇西三种岩石粘滑发生时的平均应力降较低,平均错距较小,平均重复周期较短。花岗岩粘滑前声发射率明显增加,玄武岩与正长岩粘滑前声发射率变化不明显。     

Effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (Miramare, Italy)

The WWF-Natural Marine Reserve of Miramare (Trieste, Italy) is located in a major industrial and vacation area in the Adriatic Sea. Consequently, noise emanating from boating and shipping is an inevitable factor for local fishes. This study investigates the effects of ambient and ship noise on representatives of three vocal fish families with different hearing abilities. Ambient and ship noise were recorded, their sound pressure levels measured and played back in the lab. Auditory sensitivity was determined in Chromis chromis, Sciaena umbra and Gobius cruentatus, utilizing the auditory evoked potential recording technique. Compared to lab conditions, hearing thresholds determined during ambient noise playbacks were barely masked. Contrary, the noise emanating from a cabin-cruiser substantially reduced auditory sensitivity relative to thresholds in ambient noise. This masking effect was most pronounced in the frequency range where acoustic communication takes place. Boat noise potentially affects acoustic communication in fishes inhabiting the reserve.     

Hilbert-Huang变换在提取阵列声波信号动力特性中的应用

阵列声波信号是典型的非线性、非平稳信号,其动力特性的量化提取对于进行地层结构构造分析提供了必要的基础资料.而Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)是一种处理非线性、非平稳信号的新方法.它通过经验模态分解(EMD)将信号分解为有限个固有模态函数(IMF),并对每个固有模态函数进行Hilbert变换得到Hilbert谱.本文将这种方法应用于阵列声波信号动力特性的提取,有效地获得了信号能量的时频分布,瞬时能量、Hilbert能量、最大振幅对应的时频分布等动力特性,显示了HHT的优势以及对于进一步实现地层结构构造分析的重要意义.     

基于波动方程的目标导向观测系统设计方法研究

本文提出了复杂构造地区的目标导向观测系统的设计方法.使用波动方程正演模拟来指导并在二维声波方程的一阶速度-应力方程中应用交错网格有限差分法实现.使用了四阶精度的差分算子和完全匹配层吸收边界条件.通过分析理论模型的模拟结果,展示了如何将地面地震响应与地下目标构造匹配.通过分析桥口地区实际地质模型的模拟结果,指出波动方程正演模拟在小断块、小背斜增生的复杂地区中相对于传统方法更精确,图像更清晰,更利于分析和指导观测系统设计.跟踪目标区的反射同相轴并得到其到达地面的接收范围来约束炮检距的范围,通过比较不同道距的模拟记录并综合考虑成本和任务目标来选取最佳道距.最终获得了实际效果达到设计要求的观测系统参数.     

常压密闭微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锑矿石中的锑

采用王水溶解锑矿石常出现溶矿不彻底、提取过程中锑水解的问题,导致测定结果偏低;虽然原子荧光光谱法广泛应用于锑的测定,但是该方法由于仪器线性范围窄,对于高含量锑(5%)的测定容易引入较大稀释误差。本文对样品采用氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸混合酸溶后,在提取过程中加入酒石酸与锑络合,充分抑制了锑的水解。实验结果表明:采用氢氟酸、硝酸、盐酸混合酸体系的溶矿方式,能够有效分解矿石中的硅酸盐组分,使溶解更加彻底,锑的测定结果优于王水溶矿,且检出限更低(1.10μg/g);通过酒石酸与锑的络合及盐酸对锑水解的抑制,锑的测定结果优于王水介质及盐酸介质的结果,且方法精密度(RSD,n=6)为0.11%～1.11%,较其他介质更稳定。在ICP-OES分析中通过对锑元素分析谱线的优选,可以获得更宽的线性范围,从而实现了对较高含量锑的准确测定。本方法能快速、有效溶解锑矿石并避免锑元素水解,经国家一级标物验证,所得结果与认定值相符,适用于分析锑矿石中含量范围在0.7%～40%的锑。