The volcanic acidification of glacial Lake Caviahue,Province of Neuquen,Argentina

Lake Caviahue (northern Patagonia, Argentina) is a large glacial lake acidified by volcanic fluids from Copahue volcano. The lake and the feeding rivers were sampled annually from 1997 till early 2006, including the eruptive period of 2000. Lake Caviahue waters evolved over time, with the most concentrated waters in 2000 during the eruptive period, followed by gradual dilution that was interrupted by renewed acidification in 2003–2004. Inversion of the lake water data and application of a dynamic non-steady state model for the lake provides our best quantitative estimates for the variation in element fluxes over the 9-year period. The model flux results agree well with most of the measured fluxes. The Copahue hydrothermal system had gently declining element fluxes between 1997 and mid-1999, although the lake was still becoming more concentrated. About 2–3 months before the 2000 eruption, element fluxes increased strongly, but the hydrothermal fluxes almost shutoff directly after the main eruptive events. The fluxes of several elements recovered post-2001, with an increase in element fluxes in 2003–2004; the lake became more dilute between 2004 and 2006. The intrusion of new magma into the hydrothermal system just prior to the 2000 eruption led to enhanced water rock interaction, with higher concentrations of the rock forming elements in the fluids, and the hot spring flow rate increased as a result of the higher pressure in the reservoir. The fluids became saturated in alunite and jarosite, and they were already saturated with anhydrite. Precipitation of these minerals possibly led to a decreased permeability of the hydrothermal reservoir, leading to the strongly reduced element fluxes just after the eruption. In addition, K, Al and S were retained in the newly precipitated minerals as well, further diminishing their export. The acidification in 2003–2004 may have resulted from a new small intrusion of magma or resulted from seismic activity that created new permeability and fresh rock surfaces for water rock interaction. The volcano is a significant source of toxic trace elements such as F, As, B and Li as well as a nutrient (P) for the local watershed. Monitoring of the hydrothermal fluids in the river that drains Copahue, especially the S/Cl, Mg/Cl and Mg/K values as well as the magnitude of the element fluxes would provide the best information for eruption forecasting for this volcano.     

High urine hippuric acid level among police working close to traffic in an urban area,Thailand: a preliminary study

Toluene is of particular concern because recent research indicating that toluene exposure can result in several toxicities. Hence, toluene exposure is of particular concern because of ongoing exposure to thousands of workers in the industrial plants. Determination of the urine hippuric acid level is accepted as a helpful for monitoring risk groups of workers. Apart from the industrial workers, there are other occupations with high risk for toluene exposure. In this study, we study another at-risk occupation, the police. In this study, 45 urine samples were obtained from 45 Thai police working close to traffic in an urban area for determination for urine hippuric acid level. The average urine hippuric acid level was 0.70 ± 0.70 mg/gCr, respectively. This average is significant higher than that of the control non-exposed Thais (P < 0.05). Working in the air pollution in the urban area can be health hazard for the police. Exposure to the toluene from automobile exhaust can be an important occupational problem for these police.     

Production of Levulinic Acid from Bagasse and Paddy Straw by Liquefaction in the Presence of Hydrochloride Acid

A method of levulinic acid production from bagasse and paddy straw is presented. Biomass waste was mixed with hydrochloride acid and water, and then liquefied at about 200°C in a pressurized reactor. Both the mass of the biomass and the amount of hydrochloride acid were kept as constants, and the effects of temperature, reaction time, and acid concentration on the levulinic acid yield were studied. It was found that the yield of levulinic acid was maximum when the reaction temperature was carried out for 45 min at 220°C using 4.45% concentration of hydrochloride acid, and the maximum yields of levulinic acid were 22.8 and 23.7% for bagasse and paddy straw, respectively. The products were analyzed using NMR, HPLC, and GC/MS.     

地下工程渗流排水孔数值模拟的隐式复合单元法

根据渗流基本原理,提出了排水孔在地下工程中渗流数值模拟的隐式复合单元法。将排水孔隐含于模型网格中,得到排水孔在模型中的数据信息。判断所有排水孔与单元的相对位置,通过修正排水孔所穿过单元的渗透传导矩阵来模拟排水孔的强排水效果,并通过实例对排水子结构法和隐式复合单元法进行了比较。运用编制的三维有限元计算程序对某地下水电站厂房渗流场及排水孔进行了模拟,结果表明,采用隐式复合单元法对排水孔进行模拟是可行的。     

复合加筋排水褥垫加固路基有限元计算

复合加筋排水褥垫是针对沿海缺砂地区开发的,具有水平排水与加筋作用的一项新型专利技术,可取代软基加固中的排水砂垫层。采用二维平面应变Biot固结有限元模型对复合加筋排水褥垫软土路堤进行了数值模拟,结果表明复合加筋排水褥垫可以满足水平排水要求,另外与传统的水平排水砂垫层相比,该技术可降低地基附加正应力和超孔隙水压力,有效抑制路基侧向变形的发展,减小路基沉降与不均匀沉降,提高路基稳定性,加筋效果显著。     

静动力排水固结法处理淤泥软基振动试验研究

对于高含水率、大孔隙比的深厚淤泥地基,在静动力排水固结法处理中,采用组合式高效夯击减震锤（SAAT）等4种不同形状尺寸的典型夯锤,以975～1 125 kN•m单击夯击能夯击,进行场地振动加速度及夯沉量原位对比测试,获得SAAT夯锤与地基土首次接触、回弹和二次作用历时分别为15,80,35 ms,各锤作用下竖向与水平向加速度分别在10 m与5 m距离内急剧降低,得到满足规范（烈度Ⅶ度）安全要求时SAAT及各夯锤夯击综合安全距离为20～30 m,其中SAAT所需安全距离最小。结果表明,采用SAAT可明显提高夯击效率,并可有效地减小对周边环境的振动影响。此外,对该条件下夯击冲击波的传播及衰减规律进行了总结与分析。     

兖州煤田矿山地质环境现状与治理对策

针对煤炭开采引发的采空塌陷和矿山生态环境破坏等问题,调查分析了山东兖州煤田开发利用现状,及采空塌陷、水环境污染、土壤污染等地质灾害的分布范围及其危害。统计表明,截止2005年,兖州煤田已累计塌陷116.127 km2,其中塌陷积水区已达18.92 km2,最大塌陷深度9.2 m,预计到21世纪中叶,兖州煤田将形成32 000 hm2的塌陷区。针对兖州煤田实际,提出了改进采矿方式、煤炭地下气化、塌陷土地复垦、煤矸石综合利用等矿山地质环境保护与治理对策,同时提出了建立和实施具有行业特色的矿区循环经济发展模式。      

微量元素在福建马坑铁矿崎濑泉形成条件识别中的应用

崎濑泉是福建马坑铁矿区附近流量最大的泉,与矿区的关系一直没有查清。本文通过对前人勘察资料研究和在不同部位采水样进行分析的基础上,运用聚类分析和指示岩溶水、碎屑岩地下水补给来源和径流过程的Sr /Ca与Rb /K值研究了福建马坑铁矿崎濑泉补给来源和径流途径。结果表明,取自崎濑泉泉口水样与及矿区水文钻孔的岩溶水水样相关系数达到0.98,而与取自矿区北部砂岩裂隙水的水样相关性则很差;灰岩水和砂岩水间的相关系数仅为0. 26;崎濑泉水的Sr / Ca、Rb /K值与岩溶水的都比较相近,而砂岩裂隙水的Rb /K值则明显地较崎濑泉水与岩溶水的高,说明崎濑泉水的来源应当是深部的岩溶水,与其上部的砂岩裂隙水并无密切关系;崎濑泉的形成是大气降水在矿区东北部天山凹附近的灰岩裸露区渗入岩溶含水层并向西径流,至矿区中西部沿F10断层附近的岩溶强径流带径流至崎濑村,受陈坑- 崎濑断层阻挡然后涌出地面,而并非前人所说的是先由大气降水补给砂岩裂隙含水层,然后再由砂岩裂隙含水层补给下部的岩溶含水层。      

ZDY1200L型履带式全液压坑道钻机的研制

为适应当前煤矿井下小直径浅孔瓦斯抽放钻进的需要,研制了ZDY1200L型履带式全液压坑道钻机。钻机带有履带行走机构,机动性强;液压系统为开式循环双泵系统,采用负载敏感技术,降低系统功耗;具有可快速方便地调整钻孔方位角的转盘;自带电磁起动器及照明灯,使用方便,安全性强,便于钻孔作业和钻机维修。现场试验表明:该钻机操作简单,移动性好,钻进效率高,性能可靠,钻孔定位和稳固快捷方便。      

陈家山矿煤中微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

通过对陈家山煤矿中下侏罗统延安组4#主采煤层中微量元素和稀土元素的测试分析,发现煤中富集亲花岗岩的钨钼族元素W、Mo、Bi、Sn、Ba、Sr和Li,说明该区煤系形成期间的陆源碎屑主要来自花岗岩和花岗片麻岩等中、酸性岩石。4#煤中ΣREE平均值为98.2×10-6,稀土元素分布模式十分相似,呈左高右低的宽缓“V”型曲线,Eu负异常明显,反映出稀土元素与陆源碎屑岩关系密切,成煤期间稀土元素来源一致,陆源物质的供应相对稳定。