Agricultural lands are hot-spots for annual runoff polluting the southern Great Barrier Reef lagoon

The world’s largest coral reef ecosystem, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), continues to be degraded from land-based pollution. Information about the source of pollutants is critical for catchment management to improve GBR water quality. We report here on an 11-year source to sea study of pollutant delivery in runoff from the Fitzroy River Basin (FRB), the largest GBR catchment. An innovative technique that relates land use to pollutant generation is presented. Study results indicate that maximum pollutant concentrations at basin and sub-catchment scales are closely related to the percentage area of croplands receiving heavy rain. However, grazing lands contribute the majority of the long-term average annual load of most common pollutants. Findings suggest improved land management targets, rather than water quality targets should be implemented to reduce GBR pollution. This study provides a substantial contribution to the knowledge base for the targeted management of pollution ‘hot-spots’ to improve GBR water quality.     

物元法在苏州市第Ⅱ承压地下水水质评价中的应用

本文在物元分析理论的基础上,将水质量标准、评价指标及其特征值作为物元,并以苏州市第Ⅱ承压地下水为例进行了水质评价。通过建立评价模型,对评价标准及实测数据进行归一化,得到模型的经典域、节域、权系数及关联度,评价结果表明,苏州市大部分第Ⅱ承压地下水水质优良,达到了Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水,未遭受外来物质的污染,评价结果符合实际情况。     

基于亚像素角点检测的试样变形图像测量方法

作为一种数字图像测量方法,亚像素角点检测能够在数字图像中可以发现角点的亚像素精度的位置（简称亚像素角点检测方法）。在土工三轴试验中应用该方法使得试样的变形测量更加简便。通过使用高精度标定板,对该数字图像测量方法进行了精度分析,结果表明亚像素角点检测方法的轴向和径向测量的标准差都达到了0.02个像素,相对测量精度达到10-4数量级。在三轴压缩试验条件下,同时使用高精度位移传感器和该测量方法对小变形的干性试样进行了变形测量,证明亚像素角点检测方法对试样变形的测量结果是精确可靠的。     

考虑岩体开挖卸荷边坡岩体质量评价

正确评价开挖后岩体质量并对其进行分类,对研究岩石边坡开挖卸荷后的稳定性有十分重要的意义。以某水电站坝肩高边坡开挖工程为背景,运用卸荷岩体力学的理论与方法,对坝肩边坡开挖岩体进行三维有限元分析。根据边坡岩体开挖后应力应变场的动态变化情况,确定岩体开挖卸荷后质量损伤劣化程度,并根据岩体开挖卸荷后的力学参数,采用RMR法对开挖后的边坡岩体质量进行评价。结果表明,边坡岩体RMR值随开挖后卸荷量的增大基本呈线性递减趋势,进而考虑开挖卸荷影响因素,修正了RMR法中的评价参数,为以后用该法评价开挖后的岩体质量提供参考。     

水泥土搅拌桩桩身质量的电阻率分析

通过对某高速公路软基处理试验段水泥土搅拌桩芯样强度与电阻率指标的分析发现,水泥土搅拌桩的桩身质量与其施工工艺密切相关;在特定的施工工艺条件下,水泥掺入比与搅拌均匀性是影响桩身质量的2个重要因素;在相同深度处,桩身水泥土芯样的竖向电阻率高于其水平向电阻率;桩身水泥土芯样的电阻率与其无侧限抗压强度之间存在着很好的线性相关关系;水泥体芯样水平向电阻率的标准差在一定程度上反映了水泥掺入量和搅拌均匀性。综上所述,利用水泥土的电阻率及其相关指标对大规模施工条件下水泥土搅拌桩的桩身质量进行定量分析是一种经济、无损、简便和科学的方法。     

云南开远南洞地下河水质演变特征

在云南开远南洞地下河出口,连续19年采取旱、雨季水样进行水质变化监测,结果表明: ( 1)整体上地下水水质旱季好于雨季,历年旱季水质类型以良好为主,雨季则以较差为主; ( 2)水质变化阶段性明显: 1987— 1993年,离子浓度普遍较低,旱、雨季波动不大,水质多属Ⅰ 、Ⅱ 类,有机污染以NH+4 、NO-3 等为主; 1994—2000年,旱、雨季离子浓度均普遍升高且变化加剧, N H+4 、As、Cd、Cr、Mn出现历年最大值,金属离子污染日趋加剧,水质以Ⅱ 、Ⅲ 类为主; 2001— 2005年,旱、雨季离子浓度有升有降,以升为主, Pb、Zn、Cl- 、SO2-4 出现历年最大值,水质以Ⅱ 、Ⅲ 类为主。南洞地下河水质19年来发生了较大的变化,污染日趋严重。分析认为该地下河水质逐步变差与上游补给区盆地内经济发展状况密切相关。为此,提出了采用自动监测等方法加强地下河动态变化监测研究以及实行分区、分级管理等水质保护的具体对策建议。      

小尺度地形因子对农地土壤质量的影响研究

地形差异是土地利用结构和空间分布格局分异的重要影响因子,也是土地质量的重要参评因素.选择泰山东麓多种地貌类型过渡区,利用数字高程模型(DEM)提取研究区坡度、高程等地形因子信息,通过GIS空间分析划分研究区农地土壤质量等级,利用SPSS统计分析高程、坡度等地形因子对土壤质量的影响.结果表明:土壤质量等级随地形变化呈规律性演替,坡度和高程与土壤质量呈极显著相关关系,且坡度对土壤质量的影响大于高程;随着坡度的上升,土壤质量分值呈抛物线趋势,而随着高程的上升,土壤质量呈降低趋势,且各高程段内不同坡度等级土壤质量分值也呈抛物线走势;土壤质量的最高分值位于坡度2°～5°、高程0～150 m的地形部位.     

属性识别模型在艾比湖水质评价中的应用

根据新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州环境监测站对艾比湖5个代表性的监测断面最近5年的水质实测资料,结合熵权法和国家地表水环境质量标准系统地建立了属性识别模型,运用属性计算和属性得分详细评价了艾比湖的水质.模型评价结果表明:艾比湖的水质污染主要为氨氮、磷、砷的污染.就空间而言,湖心2水质较好,没有出现V类水质,其次为喇叭口,博乐河口与精河河口水质较差;就时间而言,2003年各监测断面水质均属I类,之后逐渐恶化,到2008年半数以上的监测断面属于V类水质,且与改进密切值法的评价结果比较,结果较吻合.采用属性识别模型评价湖泊水质,概念清晰,计算简单,评价结果客观、合理,可以反映出艾比湖水质的现状,是湖泊水质评价中简便实用的评价方法之一.     

Recent water quality trends and a comparison to sediment-core records for two riverine lakes of the Upper Mississippi River basin: Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin

Long-term water quality monitoring data from two riverine lakes in the Upper Mississippi River basin, Lakes St. Croix and Pepin, were analyzed to compare the long-term average water quality conditions and land use distributions, water quality trends and loads at lake inlets and outlets, trends from long-term versus short-term monitoring records, and the ability of paleolimnological cores to accurately infer lake water quality conditions. During the 1976–2004 period, the long-term average concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a were consistently lower at the Lake St. Croix inlet versus the Lake Pepin inlet, which drains a greater proportion of urban and agricultural runoff. Despite these differences, nutrient trends were similar at the inlets to both lakes; reductions in total phosphorus and ammonium concentrations were attributed to improvements in point source technologies, whereas increasing nitrate concentrations were attributed to both point source changes and nonpoint source increases. Despite improvements in several water quality variables, nitrate concentrations are increasing in both lakes, sediment trends indicate persistent nonpoint source inputs to Lake Pepin, and current total phosphorus concentrations remain well above pre-1950s levels in both lakes. Since urban development and agriculture are increasing in the Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin Watersheds, continued point source regulation and additional nonpoint source control efforts will be needed to further improve water quality in these lakes. The 1976–2004 trends for most water quality variables were similar at inlet versus outlet sites on Lake St. Croix. Trends at Lake Pepin inlet versus outlet sites were less similar, but data availability limited the comparison to the 1993–2003 period. While the truncated data record highlighted short-term trends in both lakes, the full data record was most useful for exploring general patterns in water quality. Length of monitoring record affected our ability to detect trends at the inlets to both lakes, and altered the magnitude of detected trends. During the two decades of the 1980s and 1990s, paleolimnological estimates of retained phosphorus loads were similar to those estimated from recent water quality monitoring. These similarities support the use of paleolimnological approaches to infer past water quality conditions in Lakes St. Croix and Pepin. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

GPS系统在坝体强震监测中的授时技术与应用

在地震监测行业,由于GPS能提供准确的公众时间,授时精度高、性能稳定、维护管理方便等特点得到了普遍应用。但在水利枢纽工程的大坝强震监测中,要想对不同坝段的测点系统进行GPS统一授时,得到更高的时间精度,却存在一定困难。为此,本文重点介绍了如何解决坝体内离坝面较远测点进行GPS精确授时问题及其涉及到的技术要点,解决方案及实施方法,并简述了GPS时间信息的获取方式,对授时过程中产生延时误差的原因进行了详细分析。