Town of Tornio in November 1898: a rare survey of earthquake damage in Finland

This study investigates the effects of the Fennoscandian earthquake that occurred on 4 November 1898 (GMT) on Tornio in Northern Finland. The extra fire inspection conducted in the town on 21, 22 and 23 November 1898 provided insight into the failures caused by this low-magnitude earthquake. The building stock was of timber with masonry stone components. More than 30 heating units sustained damage. The macroseismic intensity in Tornio is estimated at I = 6 (European Macroseismic Scale).     

1954年山丹7.3级地震灾害

1954年2月11日,中国西部河西走廊发生山丹7.3级强烈地震,这是建国以来发生在西北地区的第一个大地震。地震造成47人死亡,332人受伤,数万人无家可归;房屋损坏7277间,估计财产损失远高于2003年山丹6.1级地震灾害的直接经济损失。极震区烈度达Ⅺ度,红寺湖盆地、山丹县城破坏最重,山丹地区受灾面积4800km2。本文简要介绍了山丹地震参数、地震烈度及震区环境;重点描述了房屋建筑物破坏,分析了地震灾害特点及其经济损失估计。最后探讨了这次地震震害的成因、防震减灾的经验及其借鉴意义。     

2011—2020年黄淮海平原冬小麦低温冷害与气象要素变化的时空分析（英文）

黄淮海平原是我国典型的农田生态系统之一,频发的低温冷害对该区域的冬小麦种植业造成了巨大的经济损失。为了有效、大范围地监测冷害的时空变化情况及其气象成因,利用2005–2015年来源于气象站点的逐日最低气温和MODIS的NDVI和FPAR数据,结合逻辑回归模型构建了黄淮海平原冬小麦低温冷害监测模型,并分析了2011–2020年黄淮海平原冬小麦冷害的时空变化。将其与气象要素的时空变化进行相关性分析,了解气象要素对冬小麦低温冷害发生情况的影响。结果表明,2011–2020年冬小麦冷害的危害性逐渐降低,且冷害发生高概率、高频区域由北向南移动。同时,气象要素对冬小麦受害程度的影响从高到低分别为热量、降水和日照时长,但这些要素的影响具有一定的空间异质性。     

茶叶寒冻害天气指数保险设计

以茶叶萌芽至展叶期寒冻害为突破口,利用1987—2016年福建省泉州市安溪县17个自动气象站2—4月的逐日气象数据及安溪各茶树种植区产量数据,确定茶叶寒冻害的天气指数保险气象指标,分析日极端最低气温与茶叶减产率的关系,建立了茶叶寒冻害指数模型。计算安溪不同区域茶叶种植区不同等级寒冻害的发生概率,应用纯保费率方法厘定了保险费率,并根据福建省政策性农业保险的实际情况,制定茶叶不同区域种植区寒冻害指数保险触发条件、赔付标准,设计了安溪县茶叶寒冻害天气指数保险合同。设计的茶叶寒冻害天气指数保险产品以客观气象数据作为定损依据,可以为茶农提供一种有效的风险转嫁方式,也为保险公司增加新险种提供了技术支撑。     

基于遥感数据的夏玉米高温热害监测评估

玉米作为一种重要的粮食作物,其产量对于国家粮食安全的影响至关重要。该文结合遥感与地面实测气温数据,基于地表温度与气温具有显著的线性相关关系,构建我国夏玉米主产区高温热害评估模型,并对该模型进行精度检验。结果表明：平原区域日平均气温的模拟结果决定系数在0.8以上,达到0.001显著性水平,均方根误差在1.8℃左右的小范围内波动;平原区域精度略高,山区精度略低（均方根误差为2.4℃）。利用该模型对2008—2018年黄淮海夏玉米主产区高温热害进行评估,发现2017年和2018年夏玉米受高温热害影响最严重,高温热害区主要分布在河北省东南部、河南省大部以及山东省西部,该结果与实际情况相符。     

Making sense of the politics in the climate change loss & damage debate

The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage (L&D) associated with Climate Change Impacts (WIM) was established in 2013 to advance i) knowledge generation; ii) coordination and iii) support to address losses and damages under the UNFCCC. So far, the work undertaken by the WIM Executive Committee (ExCom) has focused on enhancing understanding and awareness of the issue and promoting collaboration with relevant stakeholders. Delivering on the WIM’s third function on action and support has lagged behind, and ‘the political’ nature of L&D has often been blamed for this. Key terrains of contention among Parties have included the positioning of L&D governance vis-à-vis the adaptation space and struggles around state liability and compensation. As a way to facilitate discussion on implementation options, recent research has suggested de-politicising aspects of the L&D debate; yet we have very little insight into how the politics are understood within the realm of international L&D governance. This paper brings an analysis of ‘the political’ into the picture by identifying the complex and underlying issues that fuel contention within UNFCCC L&D negotiations. It gives centre stage to the way different framings of norms and material interests affect the debate, and challenges the tendency in current L&D literature to overlook the socio-historical and political underpinnings of this area of policy-making. We employ a qualitative multi-methods research design which draws on content analysis of 138 official Parties’ submissions and statements, 14 elite interviews with key current and former L&D negotiators and is built on a foundation of 3 years of participant observation at COPs and WIM meetings. We approach this data with a political ethnographic sensibility that seeks to explore how meanings are constructed within and across different sources of data. Our empirical results show that, rather than being a monolithic dispute, L&D catalyses different yet intertwined unresolved discussions. We identify five areas of contention, including continued disputes around compensation; conflicts on the legitimacy of L&D as a third pillar of climate action; tensions between the technical and political dimension of the debate; debates over accountability for losses and damages incurred; and the connection of L&D with other unresolved issues under the Convention.     

2020年中国龙卷过程及灾情特征

2021年5月14日20∶40前后,湖北省武汉市蔡甸区千子山发生龙卷灾害。基于详细的现场灾情调查和观测资料综合分析判断：(1) 本次灾害具有受灾路径长、纵横比大,受灾指示物有辐合倒伏、扭曲、被拔起和抛射等龙卷破坏的典型特征,确认为龙卷风灾害。(2) 龙卷自西向东移动,总路径长度约17.95km,其中连续路径约11km,最大破坏直径1000m,平均破坏直径800 m。龙卷经历了触地初生、加强成熟到跳跃减弱三个阶段,在影响路径的后半段,龙卷强度较弱,有跳跃式前进的特征。综合评估本次龙卷最大强度为中国龙卷强度行业标准三级(相当于美国EF3级)。(3) 雷达资料分析表明,这是一次典型的超级单体龙卷,伴随有强中气旋和龙卷涡旋(TVS)发展,超级单体中气旋和TVS加强,旋转速度、最强切变加大以及顶高底高下降时,龙卷触地引起地面灾害,地面最强破坏路径位于中气旋和TVS路径南侧。对于超级单体龙卷,可依据中气旋和TVS演变特征进行龙卷预警业务试验。

     

气候变化背景下江苏河蟹养殖高温热害风险评估

利用江苏省及周边共85个气象站观测资料,筛选出夏季高温强度、持续时间、降水量和日照时数作为高温热害的关键气象因子,构建高温热害综合指数。在此基础上,利用高温热害发生频率和河蟹因灾死亡率加权建立风险评估模型,将河蟹高温热害风险划分为三个等级,结合地形和土壤的适宜性,最终得出江苏河蟹高温热害风险区划图。结果发现,河蟹高温热害的高风险区位于以高淳为中心的江苏西南部,沿淮和淮北东部沿海地区风险值最低,淮北西部—沿江东部的风险值介于二者之间。年代际高风险区面积有逐渐扩大趋势,1991年以来已外扩到沿江和苏南大部分地区,达到历史极值。河蟹高温热害风险增大,需加强防范。     

从上海市热岛演变看城市绿化的重要意义

近40年来，上海城市热岛面积扩大了7－8倍，强度增强了一倍，导致了高温灾害的增加。上海热岛的迅速扩张和增强始于20世纪80年代，与上海城市的建设有明显的对应关系。如何合理规划城市建设，减缓热岛效应影响，以保证上海城市的健康和可持续发展，已成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。近几年来显示出的上海中心城区热岛强度减弱趋势表明，城市绿化建设对减缓城市热岛效应具有重要意义。     

西南山地滑坡灾害生态风险评价——以大理白族自治州为例

本文以云南省大理白族自治州为例,综合考量生态风险源、受体、暴露响应过程及生态终点,采用信息量模型评估滑坡灾害危险性,基于景观格局指数表征生态脆弱性,并将生态系统服务纳入风险损失的定量表征,定量评估流域滑坡灾害生态风险。结果表明：① 低于1800 m高程、15°~25°坡度、小于0.31植被覆盖指数等10方面因素构成了诱发大理州滑坡灾害的最佳信息量组合,全州普遍处于滑坡灾害危险性中高水平,且西北低、东南高;② 生态脆弱性高值区主要集中在红河流域南部、金沙江流域东南部、澜沧江流域中部;③ 低生态损失流域的水源涵养、粮食供给服务相对较差,生态损失中等流域的净初级生产、土壤保持服务优势明显,高生态损失流域则具有较强的粮食供给和水源涵养服务;④ 基于高中低3种生态风险等级和“高危险—低脆弱—低损失”等8种风险结构,全州367个小流域可划分出避让监测预警区、生态保护恢复区、避让保护兼顾区、自然适应调控区等4种风险防范类型区。