低硬度橡胶隔震支座各种相关性及老化徐变特性

作者系统地对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料和力学性能进行了试验研究。研究使用的低硬度橡胶隔震支座分18种规格，总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及低硬度橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能；温度、压力、剪切变形、老化和徐变等相关性；压缩界限，屈曲及极限剪切变形等界限性能以及橡胶材料性能和隔震工程应用等方面。本文主要介绍低硬度橡胶隔震支座的压力、剪切变形、温度对支座刚度、阻尼等力学性能的影响，同时还对隔震支座的老化及徐变特性进行了试验研究，确定低硬度橡胶使用60年后的力学性能变化率。文中同时提出了低硬度橡胶支座的温度修正方程，并提出了隔震结构地震反应分析时支座刚度和屈服荷载变化的取值范围。     

Stone movement through snow creep, 1963–75 mount twynam,snowy mountains,Australia

On the backwall of Twynam East Cirque selected stones moving through snow creep were marked and their movements from 1963 to 1975 measured. Their annual movements varied markedly between 1963 and 1970 but thereafter little. The percentage of stones failing to move varied reciprocally with snow thickness over a snow course in a comparable site near Spencers Creek. The annual mean movement, ranging from 7·6 to 36·3 cm, correlated strongly with Spencers Creek snow thickness. Frequent occurrence of annual movements of intermediate value characterise the process. Snow surface maps with 2m contours for 1964, 1974 and 1975 permitted determination of snow slope at the stone positions and of snow thickness by subtraction of ground heights. A 2 m contour ground surface map was also the basis for hillslope angles at stone positions. Basal area and area transverse to snow movement were calculated from measurements of the three principal axes of the stones. The vertical angles and directions of their abrasion tracks were measured. Rank correlation of stone movements with hillslope and snow slope was usually not significant but with track angle was so in most years. Track angle and direction are controlled partly by hillslope and partly by local rock geometry. Movements correlated inversely with stone basal area on which frictional drag depends. Correlation with stone transverse area was weak and inverse; this may be due to snow tending to move round larger stones. In most years there was significant correlation with snow thickness and basal stress (calculated from snow thickness and snow slope). However, the amount of ‘explanation’ associated with all the independent variables was small and the experiments revealed an importance of surface roughness at various scales in controlling stone movement which was much greater than expected from direct observation.     

浙江省新昌县下山村滑坡地质特征与稳定性评价

本文研究了浙江省新昌县下山村滑坡区地质环境条件,介绍了滑坡地质灾害体的地质结构、形成特征。认为该区地质环境复杂,雨量充沛,地形呈阶梯状;岩层以5个旋回的软硬相间为主,覆盖层为第四纪松散层;滑坡体赋存松散岩类孔隙水和基岩孔隙-裂隙水,滑坡区岩土体遇水后工程地质性质变差,其抗滑、抗软化能力较差。滑坡表现为后缘切层、中-前缘顺层型。文章从滑坡成因类型的形成条件、变形破坏机制和诱发滑坡体失稳的主要因素方面,对滑坡的稳定性作出了基本评价,对其发展变化作出了趋势性预测。认为该滑坡体物质结构复杂,分7（大）层,滑坡有多个滑移带,主滑移面（带）2个,滑坡体厚达60m,降雨是诱发滑坡体失稳的主要原因,该滑坡目前仍以蠕滑为主。     

1989年以来华北地区中强震前地震矩加速释放空间扫描特征的研究

利用地震矩释放程度m值对1989年以来华北地区12次MS≥5.0中强地震前的矩加速释放现象进行了研究。基于删除余震后的地震目录,提取了与矩加速释放相关的特征时—空尺度作为AMR现象在华北地区的扫描模型参数。采用震前1年逐3个月的扫描方式,得到了12次震例在震中附近与时间相依的m值的空间演变图像,并考察了震前震源区附近的Benioff应变释放情况。结果表明,华北地区MS5.0~5.5地震前AMR现象与实际震中和发震时刻的关联性不明显;而MS5.6~6.4地震前67%的震例在震中附近出现稳定和集中分布的矩释放加速区域,说明华北地区MS≥5.5中强震前AMR现象具有一定程度的普遍性,利用AMR现象对未来中强震发震地点的预测有一定的潜能和可挖掘性,但仍需其他方法相互佐证。     

伯格斯模型参数调试与岩石蠕变特性颗粒流分析

岩石作为地下工程的主要研究对象,其物质组成和所赋存的复杂地质环境使其具有明显的流变特性。基于三维颗粒流程序(PFC3D),采用由开尔文模型和马克斯伟尔模型串联组成的伯格斯（Burgers）流变模型,通过控制变量法,分析了伯格斯模型中弹性系数(Em和Ek)、黏性系数(?m和?k)和摩擦因数f对瞬时强度特性和流变特性的影响;分析得出数值试样的瞬时强度特性主要受马克斯伟尔体弹性系数Em和摩擦因数f影响：弹性模量和单轴抗压强度与Em和f均呈正相关,泊松比与Em呈正相关,与f呈负相关;而流变特性与各参数均呈现负相关性。在此基础上,进行了红页岩分级增量蠕变试验的模拟,通过与室内蠕变试验结果的对比,验证了PFC3D中的伯格斯模型用于岩石蠕变试验模拟的可行性,并将该方法用于分级增量循环加卸载蠕变试验和三轴蠕变试验数值研究。该研究内容是利用离散单元法研究岩石流变特性的一种新的尝试。     

中国沿海地区人海关系地域系统评价及协同演化研究

借鉴信息熵、协同学相关理论,在分析人海关系地域系统协同演化机制基础上,构建综合评价指标体系,利用AHP-PP模型测算沿海地区1996-2012年11个省份人类社会与海洋资源环境子系统综合评价值;通过信息熵模型对人海关系地域系统信息熵值及有序度进行测算,发现沿海地区各省份人海关系地域系统信息熵呈逐年下降,有序度呈逐年上升趋势,但区域差异显著。进一步构建人海关系地域系统协同演化模型,并采用加速遗传算法进行模型参数估计,辨识其协同演化类型,结果显示：天津、辽宁、江苏、浙江、福建表现为冲突型,河北、广西、海南表现为掠夺型,上海、山东、广东则表现为协同型。最后对各种类型进行分析,并简要提出人海关系协同发展的对策与建议。     

Temporal and spatial variation of infilling processes in a landslide scar in a steep mountainous region,Japan

The duration of the soil‐depth recovery needed for reoccurrence of shallow colluvial landslides at a given site in humid regions is much longer than the return period of rainfall needed to generate sufficient pore water pressure to initiate a landslide. Knowledge of the rate of change in soil depth in landslide scars is therefore necessary to evaluate return intervals of landslides. Spatial variation in sediment transport at the Kumanodaira landslide scar in central Japan was investigated by field observations. Spatial distribution of the rate of change in soil depth was estimated using sediment transport data and geographic information system (GIS) analysis. Observations revealed that the timing of sediment transport differed for shallow and deep soil layers. Near‐surface sediment transport (mostly dry ravel and some shallow soil creep at depths ≤0·05 m) measured in sediment traps was active in winter and early spring and was affected by freezing–thawing; soil creep of subsoil (i.e. >0·05 m), monitored by strain probes, was active in summer and autumn when precipitation was abundant. Near‐surface sediment flux was estimated by a power law function of slope gradient. Deeper soil creep was more affected by relative location to the landslide scar, which influences soil depth, than by slope gradient. Our study indicated that the rate of soil‐depth recovery is high just below the head scarp of the landslide. Abrupt changes in the longitudinal slope topography immediately above, within and just below the head scarp became smoother with time due to degradation proximate to the landslide head scarp and flanks, as well as aggradation just below the head scarp. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

坝区岩体蠕变参数解析-智能反演方法及其工程应用

岩体蠕变参数是岩土工程设计必不可少的重要资料,为准确确定岩体的蠕变力学参数,综合考虑解析反演法和智能反演法的优点,将这两种反演方法耦合,建立了岩体蠕变参数的解析-智能反演方法,将这种方法应用到大岗山水电站工程中,解析智能反演获得坝区岩体的压缩蠕变参数。计算结果表明：解析-智能反演蠕变曲线与试验蠕变曲线的拟合程度比解析反演蠕变曲线与试验蠕变曲线的拟合程度好,说明解析-智能反演法获得的坝区岩体蠕变参数更为准确可靠,同时也验证了这种参数反演方法的有效性和合理性。该方法为高效快捷地反演坝区岩体的蠕变参数提供了重要理论指导。