Spectral analysis using orthonormal functions with a case study on the sea surface topography

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Spherical harmonics are orthonormalized using the Gram-Schmidt process in a function space. The problem of linear dependence of spherical harmonics over the oceans is studied using the Gram matrices and consequently three sets of orthonormal (ON) functions have been constructed. For the process an efficient formula for computing inner products of spherical harmonics has been developed. Important spectral properties of the ON functions are addressed. The ON functions may be used for representing the sea surface topography (SST) in the analysis of satellite altimeter data. The geoid error can be transformed to a representation by the ON functions and hence the comparison of powers of the geoid error and the SST signal only over the oceans is possible, leading to a better way of determining the cut-off frequency of the SST in the simultaneous solution using satellite altimeter data. As a case study, the modified Levitus SST is expanded into the ON functions. The results show that 99.90 per cent of that signal's energy is contained within degree 24 of the orthonormal functions. Such expansions also render better spectral behaviour of oceanic signals as compared to that from spherical harmonic expansions. The study shows that these generalized Fourier functions are suitable for spectral analyses of oceanic signals and they can be applied to future altimetric mission where the geoid and the SST are to be recovered.     

西南地区和长江下游雾的时空分布和物理结构

60年代对南方各省雾作了一次普查,近年来又对云南西双版纳,四川成都、重庆、浙江舟山及上海等地雾进行了野外综合探测。本文利用这些探测资料及多年常规气象记录,分析了雾的时空分布、微物理结构和大气边界层的温湿条件,研究了辐射雾的形成、发展、成熟和消亡的物理过程。     

渤海滩涂湿地沉积物胶体对石油污染物的吸附特征

为了研究滩涂湿地沉积物胶体对石油污染物的吸附作用,根据渤海天津段滩涂湿地沉积物的结构和组成,选择代表性沉积物提取胶体,对胶体的粒径、ζ电位、电泳淌度进行了表征,系统测定胶体对可溶性油吸附的动力学曲线和吸附等温线。结果表明,滩涂湿地沉积物胶体平均粒径为345.04nm;ζ电位、淌度中值分别为-0.47mV、-0.03μs-1V-1cm;交换吸附动力学模式适用于滩涂沉积物胶体对可溶性油的吸附作用,其吸附平衡时间约为20~24h,胶体对可溶性油吸附速率常数为9.434L/(g·h);胶体对可溶性油的等温吸附线为直线型,当水相中石油烃浓度低于某一值时,胶体不但不吸附溶液中的石油烃,反而使胶体中的残留石油烃释放出来。     

新疆天山山地自然灾害垂直带谱及其特征

分析天山山地由气候原因引起的自然灾害分布的垂直带谱,主要灾害类型有１２种,可分为３个带：（１）基带（暴雨－塌方带）：主要是由中、低山突发性的降雨引起的各种灾害。此带灾害频发时期与最大降水期是同步的。（２）中带（融水－冰冻带）：其灾害大多同温度的变化有密切的关系。（３）上带（风吹雪－雪崩带）：由积雪运动造成的灾害多集中在这里。山地坡向和高度对自然灾害垂直带谱的组成和灾害出现的频率影响很大。由于温度和     

云南省腾冲县不同覆盖物的光谱特征分析

地物光谱特征的测定和分析对遥感理论研究和应用具有重要的意义．本研究利用SE590地物光谱仪在野外对腾冲县的不同盖度的小麦、不同条件下同种土壤以及不同覆盖物的光谱进行了测定,并制作了光谱曲线图,对其光谱特征进行了分析．研究表明,在波长400～700nm的范围内,小麦的盖度越高,其反射率越低．在800～1000nm的范围内,小麦的盖度越高其反射率越高．在368～696nm的范围内,干燥土壤的反射率比潮湿土壤的低,在726～1100nm的范围内,干燥土壤的反射率比潮湿土壤的高．就水面、石棉瓦、水泥地面、板岩镶嵌的公路路面而言,在400—1000nm的范围内,水泥地面和石棉瓦的反射率最高,板岩镶嵌的公路路面次之,水面最低．在波长373～632nm的范围内,水泥地面光谱曲线的坡度比石棉瓦和板岩镶嵌的公路路面都高．     

基于GF-1与Landsat-8影像的土地覆盖分类比较

高分一号(GF-1)卫星具有多种分辨率与大幅宽结合、重访周期短等优势,而Landsat-8卫星具有多波段、高辐射分辨率等优势。针对不同传感器参数特点,利用支持向量机分类器(SVM)对同区域同期两种数据进行土地覆盖分类对比研究。结果表明：两种传感器对应波段决定系数均大于0.92;典型样本的光谱趋势一致性良好,但在农田与林地、不透水面与裸土的典型样本可分离性方面,Landsat-8优于GF-1;GF-1与Landsat-8的分类总精度分别为90.38%和90.07%,但不同地物类型的分类精度存在差异,波谱响应函数的差异可能是导致Landsat-8对林地的分类精度高于GF-1的原因;此外,GF-1对零碎分布地物类型的分类精度高于Landsat-8,主要原因是GF-1具有更高的空间分辨率。     

高分辨率遥感图像厚云检测算法

针对高空间分辨率多光谱图像,设计了一种基于缨帽变换、数据正则化以及多尺度光谱分析技术的多尺度循环检测算法。实验结果表明:对于Landsat-7 ETM+图像,其检测精度与基于热波段的自动化云量估计算法相近,但优于传统的直接分类方法(最大似然分类与ISODATA分类)。由于该算法无需借助热波段及其他辅助数据,因而在实现高分辨率图像厚云掩膜的高效与高精度提取方面具有很高的应用潜力。     

Water quality and light absorption attributes of glacial lakes in Mount Qomolangma region

As they are products of glacier movement, the water body composition and water quality attributes of glacial lakes have distinct characteristics compared with inland lakes. Although satellite remote sensing provides an effective approach to monitor water quality, lack of in-situ measurement data on the status and environment surrounding glacial lakes presents a major constraint in relating satellite data to water quality indicators. This study presents findings of a preliminary investigation into water quality attributes of 3 glacial lakes in the Mount Qomolangma region. Suspended particulate matter （SPM）, light absorption attributes of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles （NAP）, and colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） were measured. The suspended substance concentration varies markedly from 0-320 mg/L. This is considered to reflect differing stages of lake development. l-he chlorophyll concentra- tion is much lower than that found for inland lakes, as landscapes that surround these high altitude lakes have almost no vegetation growth. The phytoplankton and CDOM concentration depend on long-term stability of lake slopes. Given the lack of exogenous and endogenous inputs in the Qomolangma region, CDOM in glacial lakes is significantly lower than in inland lakes. These preliminary findings could support efforts to appraise estimates of water quality parameters using remotely sensed images.     

南水北调台儿庄泵站抗震安全性评价

以南水北调台儿庄泵站为研究对象,运用三维有限单元法以及反应谱理论分析该泵站的动力特性和动力响应。根据上部结构与泵站站身刚度相差较大的特点,提出了分别计算各自的动力特性,再利用反应谱理论组合法求解结构动力响应的计算方法。计算结果证明,台儿庄泵站设计合理,整体结构的抗震安全性满足设计规范要求。     

The Umbria–Marche case: some suggestions for the Italian seismic zonation

Probabilistic seismic hazard maps, in terms of spectral acceleration and uniform hazard response spectra at given sites, considering local soil conditions, represent a much more complete estimate of the seismic hazard than the traditional maps in terms of peak ground acceleration or macroseismic intensity. This is particularly true when the requests of urban planners and engineers have to be met. The present analysis shows how some hazard parameters, such as the effective peak acceleration and the spectrum intensity, can well synthesise the overall information available from traditional probabilistic studies, but also suggests that soil condition is a first-order ingredient for effective seismic hazard mapping at national level. Three Italian towns, damaged by the 1997 Umbria–Marche earthquake sequence, are considered as example to demonstrate that: (1) soil condition dependent uniform hazard spectra well approximate actual spectra recorded during some events of the seismic sequence; (2) for these localities, the design spectrum of the present Italian seismic code does not seem adequate.

These considerations have induced the Italian scientific community to propose an updating of the national seismic zonation on the basis of several hazard parameters, that are described in this paper.