雷达回波强度与雨滴谱参数的相关性研究

在雷达定量探测降水方面,目前大都采用雷达回波强度与降水强度的相关性来定量估算,但雷达回波强度与降水强度并非一一对应。本文利用从庐山和南京收集到的雷达观测资料和同步Parsivel观测到的雨滴谱数据,建立雷达回波强度与不同雨滴谱参数的函数关系,将由确定的函数关系式拟合后的雷达回波强度与雷达实测的回波强度作对比,以检验假定函数关系式的合理性,同时通过对比两地两类云降水拟合值的相对误差,给出了函数关系式中的最优y选项,为雷达定量估算降水量寻找新的途径。研究结果表明:庐山和南京两地两类云降水的雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合普遍较好,其中对流云降水的拟合都明显好于层状云降水。两地层状云降水中各个雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合曲线都大体相近,而对流云降水中,不同雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合曲线差异较大。南京两类云降水拟合的相对误差要小于庐山两类云降水拟合的相对误差。除庐山对流云降水外,DV是两地两类云降水拟合公式中最优的y选项。而庐山对流云降水拟合式中,以N和DP的拟合最佳。     

水合铁离子及铁络合物吸收系数光谱(400-900 nm)测量

测量铁化合物溶解物的吸收光谱曲线是水中铁离子含量遥感反演的关键。采用自主设计的水体透射光测量装置,利用ASD光谱仪测量相同厚度不同浓度铁离子溶液的透射光辐亮度,然后运用比值法计算出水中3种铁化合物(硫酸铁、氯化铁和铁氰化钾)的消光系数和吸收系数,最终得到400—900 nm波长范围内3种铁离子吸收系数光谱。该方法可以较好地消除实验装置和水中悬浮物的影响。结果表明,水中3种铁离子均在紫蓝光波段吸收作用较大,绿光次之,逐渐减少至红光波段后,吸收系数变化很小呈平缓直线。测量结果可作为水体铁离子浓度遥感反演模型所需的基础参数。     

Wave Reflection Coefficient Spectrum

1 .IntroductionWavereflectionfromstructuresisanimportantfactorforthedesignofthestructures .Therehavebeenmanyresearchesonwavereflectionwithregularwavesandmonochromaticirregularwaves .Miche( 1 951 )proposedanon dimensionalMichenumberMfornormallyincidentirregularwavesconsideringwavebreakingbecauseofthedeepeningofwavesteepnessontheslopeofbreakwaters .ThereflectioncoefficientisproportionaltoM ,i.e .,Kr ∝M =4g( 2π) 5/ 2tan5/ 2 α(Hsf2p) ( 1 )wheregisthegravitationalacceleration ,Hsthesignifican…     

论风浪的局域结构──Ⅱ.风浪局域小波能谱的性质及应用

引入了局域小波能谱的局域间歇性度量,分析了不同风速下的风浪资料,结果表明,局域小波能谱可依局域频率分为三部分。风浪的群性在三维局域小波能谱图像下显示得更为明显,与风浪有关的一切性质都是局域的,包括风浪的群性。讨论了局域小波谱峰值与谱峰频率的涨落,指出了前者在工程设计中的重要意义,并发现了后者与风浪破碎有关的两种非线性现象。     

海水中不同价态铬的测定

本文研究了用Aliguat-336萃取,无焰原子吸收分光光度法测定海水中不同价态铬的方法。该方法有较好的精密度,变动系数为6.0%。回收率在80%左右,其特征量为6.3×10~(14)g,较好地应用于海水中不同价态铬的测定。     

Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. Part 2: Simulations

Numerical simulations using a physiologically-based model of marine ecosystem size spectrum are conducted to study the influence of primary production and temperature on energy flux through marine ecosystems. In stable environmental conditions, the model converges toward a stationary linear log–log size-spectrum. In very productive ecosystems, the model predicts that small size classes are depleted by predation, leading to a curved size-spectrum.It is shown that the absolute level of primary production does not affect the slope of the stationary size-spectrum but has a nonlinear effect on its intercept and hence on the total biomass of consumer organisms (the carrying capacity). Three domains are distinguished: at low primary production, total biomass is independent from production changes because loss processes dominate dissipative processes (biological work); at high production, ecosystem biomass is proportional to primary production because dissipation dominates losses; an intermediate transition domain characterizes mid-production ecosystems. Our results enlighten the paradox of the very high ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios which are observed in poor oceanic regions. Thus, maximal dissipation (least action and low ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios) is reached at high primary production levels when the ecosystem is efficient in transferring energy from small sizes to large sizes. Conversely, least dissipation (most action and high ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios) characterizes the simulated ecosystem at low primary production levels when it is not efficient in dissipating energy.Increasing temperature causes enhanced predation mortality and decreases the intercept of the stationary size spectrum, i.e., the total ecosystem biomass. Total biomass varies as the inverse of the Arrhenius coefficient in the loss domain. This approximation is no longer true in the dissipation domain where nonlinear dissipation processes dominate over linear loss processes. Our results suggest that in a global warming context, at constant primary production, a 2–4 °C warming would lead to a 20–43% decrease of ecosystem biomass in oligotrophic regions and to a 15–32% decrease of biomass in eutrophic regions.Oscillations of primary production or temperature induce waves which propagate along the size-spectrum and which amplify until a “resonant range” which depends on the period of the environmental oscillations. Small organisms oscillate in phase with producers and are bottom-up controlled by primary production oscillations. In the “resonant range”, prey and predators oscillate out of phase with alternating periods of top-down and bottom-up controls. Large organisms are not influenced by bottom-up effects of high frequency phytoplankton variability or by oscillations of temperature.     

基于SSA和AR模型的海面变化预测试验

以吴淞站1955-2001年月平均潮位序列为基础,采用奇异谱分析(SSA)与自回归模型(AR)相结合的方案(SSA AR),进行了月平均潮位预测试验。基本思路是对SSA分析的结果选择若干有意义的分量进行序列重建,借助于自回归模型进行分量预测,再对它们进行叠加,从而建立预测模型。本文以1955-1996年数据为基础建立模型,1997-2001年数据作为验证,检验结果表明,两种方法的结合使用显示了较好的效果。     

Validation of the three-wave quasi-kinetic approximation for the spectral evolution in shallow water

This paper aims at validating the three-wave quasi-kinetic approximation for the spectral evolution of weakly nonlinear gravity waves in shallow water. The problem is investigated using a one-dimensional numerical wave propagation model, formulated in the spectral representation. This model includes both a nonlinear triad interactions term and a wave breaking dissipation term. Some numerical tests were carried out in order to show the importance of using the triad nonlinear term in wave propagation spectral models, particularly to describe both behavior of the spectral integral parameters and of the spectral shape evolution in shallow water depth. Furthermore; a comparison against different set of experimental observations was carried out. Comparing the numerical results with the experimental observations made it possible to show the modeling efficiency of the three-wave quasi-kinetic approximation.     

多向随机波浪的方向谱分析

针对由多点波面资料进行方向谱分析过程中发现的问题，利用数值模拟的方法研究了互谱分析中光滑点数，光滑次数，采样长度，采样间隔，波浪入射方向，波浪的多向性等因素对方向谱分析结果的影响，得出一些有意义的结论。