基于四元数的多光谱遥感影像水域提取

特征提取是影像目标分类识别的重要步骤。通过研究四元数在多光谱遥感影像处理中应用的优势,提出了一种基于四元数的多光谱遥感影像水域提取的算法。该算法把多光谱遥感影像的所有波段作为一个整体考虑,充分利用了光谱信息,同时也减少了计算量。实验表明,该算法具有明显的优越性和适应性。     

GF-5 AIUS切高校正算法研究与反演验证

利用红外掩星获取温压及其大气成分廓线,需要获得精确的指向信息,针对高分五号大气环境甚高分辨率探测仪（GF-5 AIUS）一级光谱信息,本文首先分析了不同切高的光谱变化情况,在此基础上,利用查找表方法进行切高校正。在低切高段（10—20 km）,选取N₂吸收波段,模拟6—40 km高度上的透过率光谱,通过查找表校正方法对一级数据中的低层切高进行校正。在高切高段（20—100 km）,模拟6—90 km切高上的透过率光谱,利用O₃吸收波段（20—90 km）进行校正。校正算法采取全局最小均方根误差的方法进行统计实验,确定最小校正半径为15 km。最后选取O₃、HCl、N₂O共3种大气成分的反演波段,进行校正后的透过率数据对比验证与反演产品精度的验证。结果表明：在O₃、HCl、N₂O共3种成分的反演通道上,校正后的观测透过率与模拟的透过率数据一致性较好,两者最大偏差小于0.1,切高校正算法得到的结果与模拟透过率吻合度较好;同时基于Aura MLS（Microwave Limb Sounder）、ACE-FTS（Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier-Transform Spectrometer）Level 2产品进行了O₃、HCl、N₂O单廓线交叉验证。结果表明：GF-5 AIUS反演的单廓线O₃与MLS、ACE-FTS相对偏差在30 km以下小于50%,在30—60 km小于20%;单廓线HCl与MLS、ACE-FTS相对偏差整体小于20%;单廓线N₂O与MLS、ACE-FTS相对偏差30 km以下小于20%,30—60 km相对偏差较大。     

OMI-TOMS与OMI-DOAS臭氧柱总量产品在中国地区的比较

臭氧是十分重要的痕量气体,它具有活跃的化学反应特性和较强的辐射特性,直接影响全球气候变化和人类的生活环境,因此,获得准确的臭氧柱浓度信息十分重要。搭载在AURA上的OMI探测仪可以测量大气中的臭氧含量,其获得的臭氧产品有两种,一个是基于TOMS V8算法反演得到的OMI-TOMS产品,另一个是由DOAS算法得到的OMI-DOAS产品。本文首先分析了两种算法产品的统计特征,结果表明两者具有较好的一致性;其次,分别分析了两种算法与像元位置的关系,在不受行异常现象影响的像元处,两种算法均不受像元位置的影响;此外,本文还研究了云和太阳天顶角对两种算法的影响,有云时两者的差异更大,云量在70%时两者的差异最大,而且,当有云存在时,两者的偏差随着太阳天顶角的增加而增加。平流层SO_2和吸收性气溶胶对两种算法没有显著影响。     

The impact of compensatory measures on public support for carbon taxation: an experimental study in Sweden

This study aims at better understanding how, and to what extent, perceptions of a policy instrument’s distributional effects impact on policy support, focusing on the case of CO₂ taxes on petrol in Sweden. Through a large-scale (N?=?5000) randomized survey experiment with a 2?×?3 factorial design, the extent to which perceptions of fairness determine attitudes to a suggested increase of the Swedish CO₂ tax is explored. Furthermore, the study considers whether these effects change with the level of the suggested tax increase, as well as whether negative sentiments can be alleviated by combining it with a compensatory measure in the shape of a simultaneous income tax cut financed by the revenues from the tax increase. The results show that a higher tax increase is both viewed as more unfair and enjoys weaker support. Furthermore, compensatory measures can be a powerful policy design tool to increase perceptions of the policy as fair, but the effect of compensation on policy support is conditioned by the individual’s left–right ideological position. Whereas people self-identifying to the right react favourably to compensatory measures, people self-identifying to the left become less supportive of a tax increase when combined with a simultaneous cut in income taxes.

Key policy insights

• Perceptions of fairness are highly important for explaining public support for climate policy tools, specifically CO₂ taxes.

• Compensatory measures can be a powerful policy design tool to increase perceptions of the policy as less unfair.

• However, the effect of compensatory measures on policy support is conditioned by ideological position, and only successful among people to the ideological right.

• In contexts dominated by right-wing ideals, a combination of a tax and a compensatory scheme may be a successful route forward towards increased climate policy support.

• In left-oriented contexts the results imply that a CO₂ tax without compensation seems more likely to increase support.

     

方解石-白云石-菱镁矿的中远红外光谱学特征研究

利用拉曼光谱和红外光谱研究了方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的光谱学特征,探究了影响三种矿物红外辐射性能的因素。三种矿物的拉曼光谱(Raman)、中红外吸收光谱(MIR)、远红外吸收光谱(FIR)显示随着矿物中镁含量的增大将会影响CO₃^2-的面外弯曲振动(ν₂)、反对称伸缩振动(ν₃)和平面内弯曲振动(ν₄),使各光谱特征峰均向高频端迁移。基于黑体辐射定律以及在80 ℃、400~2 000 cm^-1矿物的辐射能量谱,结果显示方解石、白云石、菱镁矿的发射率依次减少(0.951,0.938,0.895)。三种矿物的红外吸收光谱和发射光谱中的振动位置均受CO₃^2-基频的显著影响,在1 300~1 650 cm^-1均产生宽的低吸收带,该吸收带与CO₃^2-的反对称伸缩振动相关,且吸收带范围(202,236,272 cm^-1)与发射率之间呈负相关关系。因此,当最强化学键的振动出现在发射光谱窄的吸收带范围内会产生相对较高的辐射能和发射率。此外,矿物的晶体结构也会影响发射率,大的离子半径、键长和晶胞体积将降低辐射过程中能量的吸收,增强辐射特性。综上研究结果,方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的拉曼光谱和红外光谱揭示了金属原子的相对质量对光谱学特征的显著影响,其发射率可能受到C—O键的反伸缩振动范围、最强吸收带控制的最低发射率以及矿物晶体结构的共同影响。这项研究呈现了必要的光谱信息和热发射率数据以识别特定的碳酸盐矿物,为类似矿物的光谱特征研究奠定了基础;同时为进一步认识地壳中大量的碳酸盐矿物提供了研究方法,也为地外勘探的深入研究给予相关的理论基础。     

新疆白杨河铀矿床钻孔岩芯蚀变分带特征及地质意义

钻孔岩芯高光谱技术是获取岩芯地学信息与研究的新方向。新疆白杨河铀矿床钻孔岩芯蚀变发育,对其开展蚀变研究有助于对白杨河矿床深部铀矿勘探提出更好的找矿认识。本次研究利用Field Spec4可见光-短波红外地面非成像光谱仪对新疆白杨河铀矿床8个钻孔进行光谱测试与分析,研究发现钻孔岩芯热液蚀变矿物组合垂向上具有明显的"上低下高中过渡"的三分带特征:即上部为低铝绢云母+少量赤铁矿与少量褐铁矿+少量蒙脱石,中部为中铝绢云母+低铝绢云母+少量蒙脱石+少量碳酸盐、赤铁矿与褐铁矿,下部为高铝绢云母+绿泥石+碳酸盐;绢云母Al-OH吸收峰位置变化规律反映出矿床的热液活动具有深部相对高温、高压、偏酸性,浅部相对低温、低压、偏碱性的特征。蚀变三分带特征以及热液活动特征表明白杨河铀矿床具有明显的热液成矿背景,同时,铀矿化总体处于3分带特征中的中部以中铝绢云母为主的蚀变带与下部以高铝绢云母为主的蚀变带之间的过渡带中,该过渡带是铀成矿的有利部位,同时也是可能的热液/矿化中心;过渡带中发育赤铁矿,中铝绢云母和高铝绢云母,此3种蚀变矿物可能与铀成矿关系密切。这些可以为白杨河铀矿床深部铀矿勘探提供借鉴与参考。     

Fully constrained linear spectral unmixing based global shadow compensation for high resolution satellite imagery of urban areas

Shadows commonly exist in high resolution satellite imagery, particularly in urban areas, which is a combined effect of low sun elevation, off-nadir viewing angle, and high-rise buildings. The presence of shadows can negatively affect image processing, including land cover classification, mapping, and object recognition due to the reduction or even total loss of spectral information in shadows. The compensation of spectral information in shadows is thus one of the most important preprocessing steps for the interpretation and exploitation of high resolution satellite imagery in urban areas. In this study, we propose a new approach for global shadow compensation through the utilization of fully constrained linear spectral unmixing. The basic assumption of the proposed method is that the construction of the spectral scatter plot in shadows is analogues to that in non-shadow areas within a two-dimension spectral mixing space. In order to ensure the continuity of land covers, a smooth operator is further used to refine the restored shadow pixels on the edge of non-shadow and shadow areas. The proposed method is validated using the WorldView-2 multispectral imagery collected from downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In comparison with the existing linear-correlation correction method, the proposed method produced the compensated shadows with higher quality.     

TDI CCD交错拼接推扫相机严格几何模型构建与优化

时间延迟积分电荷耦合器件(TDI CCD)交错拼接推扫相机,是指焦平面上交错成两行排列多个TDI CCD阵列,并采用推扫成像方式的光学相机。为兼顾空间分辨率与地面覆盖宽度,当前较多的高分辨率光学遥感卫星都搭载了此类相机。本文总结了此类相机的成像原理和特点,基于成像瞬间多片CCD共享一套外方位元素的特点构建了该类相机的"整体几何模型"。针对定位过程中的外部误差和内部误差,基于整体几何模型设计了相应的内外误差补偿方案,对该类相机几何模型的优化进行了研究。以8片TDI CCD交错拼接的天绘一号(TH-1)卫星高分相机原始影像为试验数据设计了多组试验对本文方法进行验证。结果表明:本文的整体几何模型可严格描述该类相机的原始几何物像关系;仅进行外部误差补偿时,影像定位精度显著提升,但各分片CCD影像残留有不同的系统误差;仅进行内部误差补偿时,影像定位精度没有显著提升,但各分片CCD影像定位精度的一致性得到明显改善;对内部、外部误差均补偿后,影像在X、Y、Z方向的定位精度皆优于2m,且各分片CCD影像定位精度具备一致性;将计算出的内部误差补偿参数应用于成像时间间隔22d的其他多景影像时仍达到了同样的定位精度。     

利用有理函数模型的几何定位仿射变换方法

针对高分辨率遥感影像在应用严密成像模型处理时存在求解参数众多、数值解算精度不高的问题,该文提出了基于有理函数模型(RFM)对几何定位进行仿射变换的方法。首先采用高分辨率遥感影像基于有理函数模型系数进行无控制点直接定位;然后利用控制点变化趋势制定控制点布设方案,并选取最优控制方案进行仿射变换;最后基于像方仿射变换进行误差补偿,从而实现减小高分辨率遥感影像存在的系统误差。以IKONOS遥感数据进行几何定位实验,结果表明:本文方法可以有效地提高高分辨率遥感影像的几何定位精度。