深埋长隧道有害气体发生的地质条件初探

有害气体的深埋长隧道的主要地质灾害现象之一。本文在现场调查及查阅国内外文献资料基础上，探讨了有害气体发生的地质条件，为有害气体地质灾害的预测提供了依据。     

Practising geographical knowledge: fields, bodies and dissemination

In this article we make a case for a renewed emphasis upon some of the generic, albeit often tacit, spaces of practice that we share across our sub–disciplinary boundaries. In this we seek to emphasize the ways in which everyday actions make up the grander facades of institutional agendas, empirical projects and disciplinary schools of thought. To achieve this we trace the performance of disciplinary contours and identities across three important sites: the field, the body and the act of dissemination. There are, we will argue, significant commonalities that bind us as disciplinary practitioners in terms of how we perform within and across these sites, and indeed, how we join them up through our practices.     

长株潭城市化进程中极端降水变化特征

利用陕西省延安市12个气象站建站至2013年7月的降水资料和延安市降水引发的地质灾害资料,从1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、日最大降水量、3 d连续最大降水量和月降水量等方面分析了延安市2013年7月连续降水的极端性和致灾特点。结果表明：延安市2013年7月全市平均降水量419 mm,为1 000 a一遇极端降水。过程累积地质灾害次数(D_L)和过程累计降水量(R_L)关系密切,两者关系可以用分段函数描述。延安市R_L＜137 mm时,无群发地质灾害;137mm≤R_L＜200 mm且日降水量(R_R)＜50 mm时,有群发地质灾害但较少;R_L≥200 mm或200 mm＞R_L≥137 mm且R_R≥50 mm时,群发地质灾害多。经济比较发达、防灾减灾能力较强的延安市宝塔区2013年7月降水量568 mm,超过1 000 a一遇,其R_L＜332 mm时,无群发地质灾害;R_L≥332 mm时,群发地质灾害多。

     

Re-evaluation of focal depths and source mechanisms of selected earthquakes in the Afar depression

We present a stepwise inversion procedure to assess the focal depth and model earthquake source complexity of seven moderate-sized earthquakes  (6.2 > M _w > 5.1)  that occurred in the Afar depression and the surrounding region. The Afar depression is a region of highly extended and intruded lithosphere, and zones of incipient seafloor spreading. A time-domain inversion of full moment tensor was performed to model direct P and SH waves of teleseismic data. Waveform inversion of the selected events estimated focal depths in the range of 17–22 km, deeper than previously published results. This suggests that the brittle–ductile transition zone beneath parts of the Afar depression extends more than 22 km. The effect of near-source velocity structure on the moment tensor elements was also investigated and was found to respond little to the models considered. Synthetic tests indicate that the size of the estimated, non-physical, non-isotropic source component is rather sensitive to incorrect depth estimation. The dominant double couple part of the moment tensor solutions for most of the events indicates that their occurrence is mainly due to shearing. Parameters associated with source directivity (rupture velocity and azimuth) were also investigated. Re-evaluation of the analysed events shows predominantly normal faulting consistent with the relative plate motions in the region.     

西南极利文斯顿岛含砾泥岩层的发现及其地质意义

西南极南设得兰群岛利文斯顿岛赫德半岛中分布的一套主要由复理石相岩石组成的低级变质沉积岩（迈尔斯陡崖组）被认为是中－ 新生代火山岩的基底（晚古生代－ 早中生代？）。以前含砾泥岩在迈尔斯陡崖组局部地点曾有零星报道,但详细的地质填图确认此地有四层含砾泥岩分布。研究表明,这些含砾泥岩可能是水下碎屑流沉积,其生成环境可能是海底扇中扇的水道。对比在南极半岛所发现有大量的含砾泥岩,则进一步表明利文斯顿岛早期地质特征可与南极半岛相比,两者在中－ 新生代岩浆弧形成之前处于相同的构造环境。     

郑州市海绵城市建设的地质适宜性评价

海绵城市规划建设过程中,自然及地质背景条件对低影响开发设施的布设具有重要影响。针对郑州市的1945 km2海绵城市规划区,根据海绵城市建设要达到的蓄水、渗水、净水等功能,分析地表植被、地形坡度、包气带及含水层等海绵特性,构建了基于海绵城市建设的地质适宜性评价体系,并用层次分析法进行评价,结果表明：郑州市海绵城市建设地质适宜性好的区域面积占规划区的3.83%,适宜性较好区域占33.12%,适宜性中等区域占54.05%,适宜性差区域占9.00%;郑州市规划的12个海绵城市重点建设区,有2个覆盖不适宜建设区,分布在龙湖片区西北部和双鹤湖片区;航空港区有建设海绵城市的天然条件,建议在东湖节点周围规划海绵重点建设区。海绵城市建设的地质适宜性评价结果对郑州市海绵城市规划建设有参考意义。     

New high-resolution 2D seismic imaging of fluid escape structures in the Makran subduction zone,Arabian Sea

Seabed fluid escape is active in the Makran subduction zone, Arabian Sea. Based on the new high-resolution 2D seismic data, acoustic blanking zones and seafloor mounds are identified. Acoustic blanking zones include three kinds of geometries: Bell-shaped, vertically columnar and tilted zones. The bell-shaped blanking zone is characterized by weak and discontinuous reflections in the interior and up-bending reflections on the top, interpreted as gas chimneys. Vertically columnar blanking zone is interpreted as side-imaged gas chimneys associated with focused fluid flow and topped by a seafloor anomaly expressed as a localized reflection discontinuity, which may together serve as a vent structure. Tilted acoustic blanking zone could be induced by accretionary thrust activity and rapid sedimentation surrounding slope. Seafloor mounds occur at the sites of bell-shaped acoustic blanking zone and may be associated with the material intrusion. Bottom simulating refectors (BSRs) are widely distributed and exhibit a series of characteristics including diminished amplitude, low continuity as well as local shoaling overlapping with these acoustic blanking zones. The large amount of gases dissociated from the gas hydrates migrated upwards and then arrived at the near-seafloor sediments, followed by the formation of the gas hydrates and hence the seafloor mound.