角闪斜长片麻岩流变力学特性研究

为了解小湾水电站枢纽区角闪斜长片麻岩的流变力学特性,采用岩石全自动三轴流变伺服仪对角闪斜长片麻岩进行三轴流变力学试验。试验结果表明,强度较高的角闪斜长片麻岩会发生流变现象,尤其在高应力水平条件下,其流变特性明显;外荷载超过岩样的长期强度时,随着时间的逐渐增加试样变形经历典型流变3个阶段,并最终加速流变破裂。依据岩样稳态流变阶段的流变速率与应力水平的关系,提出了一种确定长期强度的方法。在Burgers流变模型中加入统计损伤,并用Mohr-Coulomb准则确定的岩石长期强度作为开始进入非线性加速流变阶段的阀值,得到相应的非线性损伤流变模型。利用岩石全程三轴流变试验结果,采用优化后的算法,对非线性损伤流变模型相应的参数进行了辨识,结果表明,建立的岩石统计损伤非线性流变变模型与流变试验结果吻合较为理想,可以较为准确地反映角闪斜长片麻岩的流变力学特征     

新版美国地震区划图源及其参数模型的分析与评述

2008年版《美国地震危险性图》（本文称“美国地震区划图”）采用5种类型震源区模型。本文全面分析了这些震源模型的划分目的、划分原则、基本特征、用途、各类型源间的相互关系,及其地震活动性参数确定的原则与基本方法。评述了美国地震区划图震源区模型及其地震活动性参数确定的特点和存在的问题。以期为我国新一代地震动参数区划图编制提供参考。     

Plagioclase ultraphyric basalts in Iceland: the mush of the rift

Glassy, plagioclase ultraphyric basalts from six locations in Iceland have bimodal phenocryst size distributions where microphenocrysts (ol+plg±cpx±mt) are in equilibrium with the matrix glass, but macrophenocrysts (ol+plg±cpx) are too primitive to be so. Matrix glass compositions are similar to those of other rift zone glasses from Iceland, and oxygen isotope variations suggest they interacted with the Icelandic crust. A lack of negative Eu-anomalies in matrix glasses precludes large amounts of plagioclase crystallisation from their parental liquids. Compositions of glass inclusions in plagioclase and olivine macrophenocrysts indicate that parental magma compositions of the macrophenocryst assemblage are similar to those of primitive, Icelandic rift zone glasses. Temperatures for plagioclase macrophenocryst crystallisation obtained from Linkam^® heating stage experiments, and from glass inclusion compositions corrected for post-entrapment crystallisation, give temperatures up to 1260°C, corresponding to crystallisation at middle to deep crustal levels. Temperature differences of less than 100°C between plagioclase-hosted glass inclusions before and after post-entrapment plagioclase crystallisation show that the macrophenocrysts must have been kept at elevated temperatures prior to incorporation in their present host magmas. We suggest that the macrophenocrysts of the plagioclase ultraphyric basalts accumulated in crystal mush bodies underneath the rift zone and were picked up by their present hosts during a rifting event with increased magma supply from the mantle.     

辽宁红透山铜锌矿围岩黑云斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb定年及其块状硫化物指示意义

红透山铜锌矿是中国东北典型的与海相火山岩有关的块状硫化物（VMS）矿床。通过不同的研究手段反演其成岩及构造热活动的历史,探讨成矿作用过程是红透山矿床研究的重要问题之一。通过对红透山赋矿围岩-黑云斜长角闪岩中锆石的研究,探讨红透山铜锌矿的成矿过程, 揭示其地质意义。黑云斜长角闪岩中的锆石主要为粒状,在黑云斜长角闪岩母岩-钙碱性玄武岩喷发过程中形成。结果表明：锆石的形成年龄约为2 500 Ma,代表了红透山铜锌矿初始的成矿时代;红透山矿床最初形成于该时期的弧后盆地环境,矿床形成不久随即发生了鞍山运动的古海洋闭合、陆陆碰撞及同期碰撞花岗岩的侵入;该期的构造热蚀变可能就是红透山富矿柱形成的原因。基于对红透山矿床的形成时代和环境的新认识,建议“红透山式”矿床勘查方向应该注重以下2点：该类矿床应该产出于晚太古代末期形成的绿岩带中的双峰式火山岩中; VMS富矿应该分布在鞍山运动古海洋闭合及陆陆碰撞带中。     

Responses and adaptation strategies of commercial and charter fishers to zoning changes in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

Fishers' responses to changes in resource access through the imposition of marine protected areas can be a critical factor influencing the likelihood of achieving management objectives.Face-to-face interviews with 114 commercial and charter fishers were conducted to investigate their responses and adaptation strategies to the increase in the size and number of no-take zones imposed by the 2004 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park zoning plan. Despite holding positive attitudes towards marine biodiversity protection, fishers were generally unsupportive of the new zoning plan 5 years after its implementation. Fishers' lack of support was related to the perception that they had not been adequately engaged in the rezoning process and the perception of significant impacts of the zoning plan on fishing businesses. Fishers generally believed that the new zoning plan had a negative impact on their access to productive fishing areas, the numbers of fish they catch, the profitability of their fishing business, and their personal income. In response to the new no-take zones, fishers tended to redistribute their fishing activity to locations closer to their home port, and to locations already known to them through their previous fishing, resulting in an increase in high density fishing locations within the park. Despite the impacts that fishers experienced, most reported that they have adapted their fishing activity and fishing business at least moderately well to the new zoning plan, suggesting that many of the impacts experienced by fishers might be short-term and may decline over time as fishers learn to adapt to the new zoning system. The information provided should prove valuable as a baseline for continued monitoring of the costs and benefits of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park rezoning into the future.     

长江经济带国土空间开发结构解析

本文从长江经济带在全国国土空间开发格局中的地位以及长江经济带开发空间结构的特征等两个层面,对长江经济带国土空间开发结构进行了解析。通过分析长江经济带在人口经济的集聚功能和长三角地区的辐射功能,以及全球化和区域一体化进程对中国国土空间结构组织的影响,论证了长江经济带的战略地位。通过资源环境承载能力、国土空间开发适宜程度、主体功能定位的数量结构、空间形态结构、以及成因和相互交叉分析,并结合与国家层面相应结构的比较研究,提出了长江经济带的空间格局特征。按照十八届五中全会提出的长江经济带创新发展的要求,对未来长江经济带战略地位和空间结构演变及应对策略等新命题进行了初步探讨。     

月球东海盆地的矿物光谱特征及遥感探测

东海盆地是月球上最年轻的大型撞击盆地之一,其地形地貌和矿物与岩石类型分布将有助于我们深入理解月球撞击盆地形成过程和地质演化历史。LOLA高程数据揭示东海盆地为保存完好的多环撞击盆地。基于月球矿物绘图仪（M3）反射率数据,在东海盆地发现了尖晶石、辉石、结晶斜长石、橄榄石等矿物,采用修正高斯模型（MGM）进行混合矿物光谱分解获取了矿物端员,利用光谱角分类方法（SAM）作出了Maunder 撞击坑的主要矿物分布图。发现的纯结晶斜长石矿物与最近其他月球探测（如Kaguya)相吻合,为月球岩浆洋模型提供了新约束条件。在Lowell撞击坑中央峰发现尖晶石分布,并利用多光谱成像仪（MI）数据进行了验证;利用MGM方法,在Maunder建造上发现结晶斜长石与尖晶石的混合矿物,我们通过分析认为东海盆地的尖晶石在外卢克山脉上可能有更广泛的分布。     

Petrology of alkali basalts of Zlot, Timok Magmatic Complex (Eastern Serbia)

Alkali basalts were discovered in the Timok Magmatic Complex only in a borehole near Zlot. They are composed of plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts lying in intersertal to pilotaxitic groundmass. The characteristic feature of these rocks is the high content of needle shaped magnetite.

Various disequilibrium features in alkali basalt of Zlot reflect complex convection effects and recharge, most probably in a shallow magma chamber. Major and trace elements data indicate that alkali basalts of Zlot originated from magmas deriving from metasomatized mantle wedge above a subducting and dehydrating plate. However the investigated rocks did not originate from primary magmas, but from a magma which has undergone considerable fractional crystallization.     

斜长石溶蚀度：一种评价花岗质岩石风化度的新指标

本文提出了以标志性造岩矿物斜长石的显微孔隙变化为特征的风化度评价新指标——斜长石溶蚀度。该指标可以较好地反映全风化带（CDG）残积土风化度的精细变化，特别是风化程度在深度方向上的差异性。通过对香港CDG的实例分析，确定了三处残积土剖面的风化度相对大小。     

Viscosity measurements of subliquidus magmas: Alkali olivine basalt from the Higashi-Matsuura district, Southwest Japan

We carried out viscosity measurements and sampling of a crystal suspension derived from alkali olivine basalt from the Matsuura district, SW Japan, at subliquidus temperatures from 1230 °C to 1140 °C under 1 atm with NNO oxygen buffered conditions. Viscosity increased from 31 to 1235 Pa s with a decrease in temperature from 1230 to 1140 °C. On cooling, olivine first appeared at 1210 °C, followed by plagioclase at 1170 °C. The crystal content of the sample attained 31 vol.% at 1140 °C (plagioclase 22%, olivine 9%). Non-Newtonian behaviors, including thixotropy and shear thinning, were pronounced in the presence of tabular plagioclase crystals. The cause of such behavior is discussed in relation to shear-induced changes in melt–crystal textures. Relative viscosities, η_r (= η_s / η_m, where η_s and η_m are the viscosities of the suspension and the melt, respectively), were obtained by calculating melt viscosities from the melt composition and temperature at 1 atm using the equation proposed by Giordano and Dingwell [Giordano, D., Dingwell, D.B., 2003. Non-Arrhenian multicomponent melt viscosity: a model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 208, 337–349.]. The obtained relative viscosities are generally consistent with the Einstein–Roscoe relation, which represents η_r for suspensions that contain equant and equigranular crystals, even though the crystal suspension analyzed in the present experiments contained tabular plagioclase and granular olivine of various grain sizes. This consistency is attributed to the fact that the effect of crystal shape was counterbalanced by the effect of the dispersion of crystal size. The applicability of the Einstein–Roscoe equation with respect to crystal shape is discussed on the basis of the present experimental results. Our experiments and those of Sato [Sato, H., 2005. Viscosity measurement of subliquidus magmas: 1707 basalt of Fuji volcano. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 100, 133–142.] show that the relationship between relative viscosity and crystal fraction is consistent with the Einstein–Roscoe relationship for axial ratios that are smaller than the critical value of 4–6.5, but discrepancies occur for higher ratios.