青藏高原新生代火山作用与构造演化

青藏高原的新生代火山作用是印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的火山响应,它显示了系统的时、空变化。随着印度-亚洲大陆碰撞从~65 Ma的接触-碰撞(即"软碰撞")转变到~45 Ma的全面碰撞(即"硬碰撞"),火山作用也逐渐从钠质+钾质变为钾质-超钾质+埃达克质。65~40 Ma的钾质和钠质熔岩主要分布于藏南的拉萨地块,少量分布于藏中的羌塘地块。从45~26 Ma,在藏中的羌塘地块中广泛发育钾质-超钾质熔岩和少量埃达克岩。随后的碰撞后火山作用向南迁移,在拉萨地块中产生~26~10 Ma间的同时代超钾质和埃达克质熔岩。尔后,从~18 Ma始,钾质和少量埃达克质火山作用重新向北,在西羌塘和松潘-甘孜地块中呈广泛和半连续状分布。此种时-空变异对形成青藏高原的深部地球动力学过程提供了重要约束。该过程包括:已消减的新特提斯大洋板片的回转、断离及随后增厚拉萨岩石圈根的去根作用,及因此而造成的印度岩石圈向北下插。青藏高原的隆升是自南向北穿时发生的。高原南部被创建于渐新世晚期,并保持至今;直到中新世中期,由于下插印度岩石圈的持续向北推挤,西羌塘和松潘-甘孜岩石圈的下部开始塌陷和拆离,高原北部才达到其现今的高度和规模。     

汶川地震震前龙门山区域地壳密度动态变化分析

利用龙门山区域重力网经平差处理和去基准点干扰、去高程变化影响的1997-2007年11期重复重力观测数据,借助密度的三维反演方法,分析研究了龙门山地区地壳各深度的介质密度的动态变化特征。结果显示：汶川8.0级地震孕育发生过程中区域密度场的整体时空分布均表现出显著特征,从时间进程来看,震前十年的密度变化趋势呈现阶段性变化：密度变化平稳阶段—变化剧烈阶段（加速增加—缓慢减少）—变化缓慢减少阶段—密度变化缓慢增加阶段,密度变化程度由强到弱,表明大地震孕育达到了最后阶段;从空间分布来看,密度变化分布有“分散—相对集中”的趋势,震前地下密度场具有熵值减小的现象;密度变化剧烈地方多发生在龙门山断裂带及其以西的川西高原上。此外,随深度的增加,密度变化趋势越来越明显。通过比较分析,在汶川地震前密度变化对重力的影响远远超过高程变化对重力的影响。     

黑龙江北部孙吴-嘉荫盆地构造特征、演化及石油地质条件

重力解释孙吴-嘉荫盆地基底埋深一般在0.1～2.5 km,基底形态具有北东走向的“三断两隆”的构造特征,自西向东称孙吴断陷、茅栏河隆起、沾河断陷、富饶隆起和嘉荫断陷.地震解释基底深度一般在0.1～6.3 km,并据之进一步划分了断陷的次级构造单元.孙吴-嘉荫盆地的形成和演化与南部的松辽盆地颇为相似,大致经历了前裂陷、断陷、坳陷和萎缩4个阶段.下白垩统淘淇河组、上白垩统永安村组和太平林场组埋藏较深,厚度较大,烃源岩达到成熟阶段,储层发育,物性较好,为油气勘探的主要目的层.对沾河断陷和嘉荫断陷油气勘探有利区做了进一步预测,确定乌拉嘎凹陷是嘉荫断陷最有利的勘探区,确定沾河向斜是沾河断陷最有利的勘探区.     

The strengthening East Australian Current, its eddies and biological effects — an introduction and overview

The poleward flowing East Australian Current (EAC) is characterised by its separation from the coast, 100-200 nautical miles north of Sydney, to form the eastward flowing Tasman Front and a southward flowing eddy field. The separation zone greatly influences coastal ecosystems for the relatively narrow continental shelf (only 15-50 km wide), particularly between 32-34°S. In this region the continental shelf has a marked shift in the seasonal temperature-salinity relationship and elevated surface nitrate concentrations. This current parallels the portion of the coast where Australia’s population is concentrated and has a long history of scientific research. However, understanding of physical and biological processes driven by the EAC, particularly in linking circulation to ecosystems, is limited. In this special issue of 16 papers on the EAC, we examine the effects of climatic wind-stress forced ocean dynamics on EAC transport variability and coastal sea level, from ENSO to multi-decadal time scales; eddy formation and structure; fine scale connectivity and larval retention. Comparisons with the poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current on Australia’s west coast show differences in ecosystem productivity that can be attributed to the underlying physics in each region. On average there is double the chlorophyll a concentration on the east coast than the west. In comparison to the Leeuwin, the EAC may have less local retention of larvae and act as a partial barrier to onshore transport, which may also be related to the local spawning and early life history of small pelagic fish on each coast. Inter-annual variations in the EAC transport produce a detectable sea-level signal in Sydney Harbour, which could provide a useful fisheries index as does the Fremantle sea level and Leeuwin Current relationship. The EAC’s eddy structure and formation by the EAC are examined. A particular cold-core eddy is shown to have a “tilt” towards the coast, and that during a rotation the flow of particles may rise up to the euphotic zone and then down beneath. In a warm-core eddy, surface flooding is shown to produce a new shallower surface mixed layer and promote algal growth. An assessment of plankton data from 1938-1942 showed that the local, synoptic conditions had to be incorporated before any comparison with the present. There are useful relationships of water mass characteristics in the Tasman Sea and separation zone with larval fish diversity and abundance, as well as with long-line fisheries. These fisheries-pelagic habitat relationships are invaluable for fisheries management, as well as for climate change assessments.There is further need to examine the EAC influence on rainfall, storm activity, dust deposition, and on the movements by fish, sharks and whales. The Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has provided new infrastructure to determine the changing behaviour of the EAC and its bio-physical interaction with the coasts and estuaries. The forecasting and hindcasting capability developed under the Bluelink project has provided a new tool for data synthesis and dynamical analysis. The impact of a strengthening EAC and how it influences the livelihoods of over half the Australian population, from Brisbane to Sydney, Hobart and Melbourne, is just being realised.     

青海可可西里地质遗迹及其构造演化

青海可可西里自石炭纪以来经历了复杂的构造演化和地表过程,形成了集高山、宽谷、夷平面、冰川、热泉、河流和湖泊等地貌元素为一体的高原高寒地貌,同时还包括了蛇绿混杂岩带、活动断裂带、地震遗迹和火山遗迹等地质元素。在调研前人研究资料和实地野外考察基础之上,根据IUCN(2005)提出的13类地质主题分类标准将区内的地质遗迹分为地质构造、火山和地热遗迹、山脉、地层剖面、河流和湖泊、现代冰川、冰期遗迹7类,共计60余处地质遗迹点。可可西里地质遗迹对重建古特提斯构造域、研究天然地震机制、青藏高原北部隆升过程及全球气候变化均具有重要的意义。基于可可西里区内地质遗迹和前人资料恢复出可可西里石炭纪以来经历了8个构造演化阶段。     

印尼海道的两度关闭与西太平洋暖池的形成和兴衰

世界海洋表层水温最高的西太平洋暖池,是全球驱动大气环流的最大热源之一,也是全球热盐环流传输带的热源。新生代晚期印尼海道的关闭是暖池得以形成的基本条件。在印尼海道区划出了对印度尼西亚穿越流起阻挡作用的5道屏障,分析了5道屏障的形成过程和年代,据此提出了印尼海道两度关闭的模式。板块运动导致印尼海道关闭,有利于暖池发展,同时也存在不利的负面影响,本区构造运动对暖池的演变具有特有的双向复合控制作用;由此出发勾勒了近1000多万年来西太平洋暖池的形成和兴衰史：11～9MaBP为原始暖池形成期,9～6MaBP为暖池演化的第一衰退期,6MaBP以来为现代暖池的孕育和发展期,其间在1～0.2MaBP穿插着暖池演化的第二衰退期。上述暖池兴衰史的演化模式,得到了暖池区ODP1143站浮游有孔虫组合所反映的古海水温跃层深度的验证。     

Large aperture seismic imaging at a convergent margin: Techniques and results from the Costa Rica seismogenic zone

In March and April 1995 a cooperative German, Costa Rican, and United States research team recorded onshore-offshore seismic data sets along the Pacific margin of Costa Rica using the R/V Ewing. Off the Nicoya Peninsula we used a linear array of ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones (OBS/H) with onshore seismometers extending across much of the isthmus. In the central area we deployed an OBS/H areal array consisting of 30 instruments over a 9 km by 35-km area and had land stations on the Nicoya Peninsula adjacent to this marine array and also extending northeast on the main Costa Rican landmass. Our goal in these experiments was to determine the crustal velocity structure along different portions of this convergent margin and to use the dense instrument deployments to create migrated reflection images of the plate boundary zone and the subducting Cocos Plate. Our specific goal in the central area was to determine whether a subducted seamount is present at the location of the 1990, M 7 earthquake off the Nicoya Peninsula and can thus be linked to its nucleation. Subsequently we have processed the data to improve reflection signals, used the data to calculate crustal velocity models, and developed several wide-aperture migration techniques, based on a Kirchhoff algorithm, to produce reflection images. Along the northern transect we used the ocean bottom data to construct a detailed crustal velocity model, but reflections from the plate boundary and top and bottom of the subducting Cocos plate are difficult to identify and have so far produced poor images. In contrast, the land stations along this same transect recorded clear reflections from the top of the subducting plate or plate boundary, within the seismogenic zone, and we have constructed a clear image from this reflector beneath the Nicoya shelf. Data from the 3-D seismic experiment suffer from high-amplitude, coherent noise (arrivals other than reflections), and we have tried many techniques to enhance the signal to noise ratio of reflected arrivals. Due to the noise, an apparent lack of strong reflections from the plate boundary zone, and probable structural complexity, the resulting 3-D images only poorly resolve the top of the subducting Cocos Plate. The images are not able to provide compelling evidence of whether there is a subducting seamount at the 1990 earthquake hypocenter. Our results do show that OBS surveys are capable of creating images of the plate boundary zone and the subducting plate well into the seismogenic zone if coherent reflections are recorded at 1.8 km instrument spacing (2-D) and 5 km inline by 1 km crossline spacing for 3-D acquisition. However, due to typical high amplitude coherent noise, imaging results may be poorer than expected, especially in unfavorable geologic settings such as our 3-D survey area. More effective noise reduction in acquisition, possibly with the use of vertical hydrophone arrays, and in processing, with advanced multiple removal and possibly depth filtering, is required to achieve the desired detailed images of the seismogenic plate boundary zone.     

北极薄冰-煎饼冰区域中不同重力波驱动形成海流的敏感性分析

A coupled ocean-ice-wave model is used to study ice-edge jet and eddy genesis during surface gravity wave dissipation in a frazil-pancake ice zone. With observational data from the Beaufort Sea, possible wave dissipation processes are evaluated using sensitivity experiments. As wave energy dissipated, energy was transferred into ice floe through radiation stress. Later, energy was in turn transferred into current through ocean-ice interfacial stress. Since most of the wave energy is dissipated at the ice edge, ice-edge jets, which contained strong horizontal shear, appeared both in the ice zone and the ocean. Meanwhile, the wave propagation direction determines the velocity partition in the along-ice-edge and cross-ice-edge directions, which in turn determines the strength of the along-ice-edge jet and cross-ice-edge velocity. The momentum applied in the along-ice-edge(cross-ice-edge)direction increased(decreased) with larger incident angle, which is favorable condition for producing stronger mesoscale eddies, vice versa. The dissipation rate increases(decreases) with larger(smaller) wavenumber, which enhances(reduces) the jet strength and the strength of the mesoscale eddy. The strong along-ice-edge jet may extend to a deep layer(> 200 m). If the water depth is too shallow(e.g., 80 m), the jet may be largely dampened by bottom drag, and no visible mesoscale eddies are found. The results suggest that the bathymetry and incident wavenumber(magnitude and propagation direction) are important for wave-driven current and mesoscale eddy genesis.     

我国主要育珠贝(蚌)贝壳珍珠层的扫描电子显微镜研究

采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对我国海水马氏珍珠贝Pinctada martensi(Dunker），大珠母贝Pinctada maxima(Jameson）、企鹅珍珠贝Pteria penguin(Roeding）和淡水三角帆蚌Hy-riopsis cumingii（Lea）贝壳珍珠层内层面的形貌特征进行了研究，结果表明，4种贝壳珍珠层均呈砖墙式结构，珍珠层中文五笔型小板片呈不规则多边形至六边形，直径为1.3-4.5μm，厚度0.35-0.85μm，同一种类贝壳中文石小板片的形状及粒径均匀一致，反映了生物矿物化的特殊性。珍珠层沿壳内层面与棱柱层过滤带中均存在初始生长的文石小晶体结构排列较混乱的现象，与成熟珍珠层中文石小板片的定向排列结构明显不同。     

胶南构造混杂岩带中糜棱岩的显微形变特征与古构造环境——来自榴辉岩围岩的构造信息

以胶南构造混杂岩带中榴辉岩的围岩——套程度不同的糜棱岩化岩石为研究对象,重点研究了其显微形变的结构特征及环境意义、石英组构特征及动力学信息,并讨论其形成的古构造环境和构造机制。