煤矿采空沉陷预测因素分析及计算方法

采空沉陷的预测是矿山开发利用、矿山地质环境保护与治理的重要依据,该文论述了影响煤矿采空沉陷预测的各种因素和应注意的问题,提出了易操作、直观、可动态管理的计算方法,以及矿山在开始采矿之前必须开展地表岩移监测等合理化建议。     

资源型危机矿山的概念与分类

危机矿山问题是当前国家、社会和业界共同关注的热点之一,目前有关危机矿山概念与分类的认识不一、亟待统一.文章在分析探讨资源型危机矿山的概念与涵义的基础上,将"资源型危机矿山"明确地表述为:由于矿区范围内可供的矿产资源逐渐枯竭,或因矿产品价格波动、供求关系变化等市场条件改变而难以继续经济地开发利用其保有的矿产资源,因而在目前已经或者今后一定时期内难以维持正常生产经营而面临闭坑或破产危机的矿山企业.根据矿山资源危机程度和矿产资源潜力评价的实际需要,文章提出我国资源型危机矿山的第一个分类方案.     

Adsorption of Zinc using Tea Factory Waste: Kinetics,Equilibrium and Thermodynamics

In India, the annual production of tea is ca. 857,000 tonnes, which is 27.4% of the total world production. The amount of tea factory waste (TFW) produced per annum after processing is ca. 190,400 tonnes. TFW can be used as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic metals from the aqueous phase. An investigation was carried out to study the feasibility of the use of TFW as an adsorbent for the removal of the heavy metal, zinc. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were reported. The straight line plot of log (q_e–q) versus time t for the adsorption of zinc shows the validity of the Lagergren equation. The various steps involved in adsorbate transport from the solution to the surface of the adsorbent particles were dealt with by using a Weber‐Morris plot, q_e versus t^0.5 for the TFW. The rate controlling parameters, k_id,1 and k_id,2, were determined and it was found that the macro‐pore diffusion rate was much larger than micro‐pore diffusion rate. A batch sorption model, which assumes the pseudo‐second‐order mechanism, was used to predict the rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium sorption capacity and the initial sorption rate with the effect of initial zinc (II) ion concentration. Equilibrium data obtained from the experiments were analyzed with various isotherms, i. e., Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich‐Peterson and Tempkin. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 30 min and the adsorption data fitted well to all models. The maximum adsorption capacity of TFW for zinc (II) ions was determined to be 14.2 mg/g. The capacity of adsorption on Zn(II) increased with increasing temperatures and pH. The maximum uptake level of zinc was observed at pH of 4.2. The various thermodynamic parameters, i. e., ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°, were estimated. The thermodynamics of the zinc ion/TFW system indicated a spontaneous, endothermic and random nature of the process. The results showed that the TFW, which has low economical value, is a suitable adsorbent for the removal of zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Land Use and Lake Sedimentation on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales,Australia

Lead-210 methods have been used to establish a chronology of sedimentation extending back almost 80 years in Black Mountain Lagoon near Guyra on the New England Tablelands of north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Estimates of the direct atmospheric fallout of unsupported ²¹⁰Pb and historical records of the pattern of phosphorus input to the lake provide support for the ²¹⁰Pb chronology. The sediments in the lake record an episode of disturbance which took place prior to c .1916, but after c .1790-1860. Since then, however, the site-specific rate of minerogenic sedimentation has been maintained at a relatively low and constant level of 0.93 kg m^-2 a^-1. [Note: the following symbols are used in this paper: a = year (annum), and d min^-1 g^-1 = radioactivity (spontaneous nuclear disintegrations per minute per gram of material).] This is despite major shifts in land use and intensification of agriculture, despite the occurrence of significant floods and droughts, and in the absence until recent times of the application of soil conservation practices. These rates may be contrasted with rates of 0.023 kg m^-2 a^-1 from the period 12.3-5.6 ka. These are at least an order of magnitude lower than those of the twentieth century. The lake sediments preserve evidence of the use of agricultural chemicals on the catchment during the twentieth century. These include phosphorus, zinc, arsenic and lead. Soils and sediments may act as long-term toxic stores for such chemicals, a problem often overlooked in rural areas.     

基于风险分析的商业性找矿预测新方法与应用

基于风险分析的商业性找矿预测新方法主要限于针对矿山深部和外围找矿预测与风险投资中的商业性矿产勘探。从风险分析和经济地质学角度对以往研究成果进行系统总结,认为成矿成晕模式与地质地球化学找矿预测系统、构造地球化学方法、矿体探采对比、广度搜索选优评价(矿点与异常成矿概率法)、深度解剖评价与定量预测等技术方法在金属矿山(床)找矿预测中应用前景广阔,矿物地球化学、岩相学亚相-微相填编图等新预测方法完善后可广泛推广应用。基于风险分析的商业性找矿预测方法技术不断发展,有助于满足境外矿产勘查迅猛发展和矿业权交易量增加的商业性矿产勘查新局势需求,推动矿产勘查和开发项目现代管理水平的提升。     

基于RS与GIS技术的西藏多龙矿集区生态环境监测研究

西藏多龙矿集区铜多金属矿产资源丰富,铜储量约2500万吨,排名中国第一。矿集区矿产资源的开发能带来巨大的社会经济效益,但青藏高原地区生态环境承载力有限,矿山开发容易造成生态环境的不可逆破坏。本文基于高分二号、Landsat8等遥感影像数据,采用人机交互解译方法提取多龙矿集区有关人类活动、水文、荒漠化、金属氧化物污染及草地覆盖等信息,进而分析研究区生态环境现状。分析结果表明:研究区生态环境整体仍处于较原始状态,未遭受过大型工业活动及人为活动破坏;区内主要植被类型为高原草原和高原草甸,高草地覆盖区面积较小且分布较集中;研究区荒漠化形势较为严峻,主要荒漠化类型包括沙漠化、石漠化及盐碱化等;矿区地表出现大面积褐铁矿化及孔雀石化,周边土壤及水系金属及重金属矿物含量超标;区内砂金矿盗采、超载放牧及地质勘探等人类活动均对当地生态环境造成一定影响。利用RS与GIS技术开展多龙矿集区生态环境调查研究,可为矿山的绿色选址及绿色矿山开发建设提供建议及技术支持。     

论热源、水源、矿(铀)源三源成矿问题——以中国东南部中新生代火山—岩浆活动区古水热系统排泄区(减压区)铀成矿模式为例

根据中国东南部地质、地热背景及与地下热水、铀矿化的关系,用热源、水源、矿源三源成矿的观点,提出并论证了中国东南部中新生代火山—岩浆活动区古水热系统排泄区(减压区)铀成矿模式。     

滕州崔庄煤矿矿井涌水量研究

通过对崔庄煤矿矿井水文地质条件分析认为,该矿井属于以静储量为主,以孔隙含水层充水特征的简单类型。预计矿井正常涌水量-250m水平为131．95m^3／h,一400m水平为162．02m^3／h;最大涌水量为324m^3／h。     

四川天宝山铅锌矿床的锌-硫同位素组成及成矿物质来源

四川天宝山铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西南缘,赋矿地层为上震旦统灯影组白云岩。尽管这个地区已有大量的科研工作,但其成矿物质来源仍然存在争议。本文主要测定了闪锌矿微区样品的锌和硫同位素组成,以及三个中段的闪锌矿单矿物、上震旦统灯影组白云岩和会理群天宝山组砂岩的锌同位素组成。闪锌矿微区样品的δ~(66)Zn值介于0.39‰~0.52‰之间,平均值为0.46‰,δ~(34)SCDT值介于4.24‰~4.87‰之间,平均值为4.59‰。同一块手标本上闪锌矿微区样品具有均一的锌同位素组成表明小尺度上(10×10cm~2)热液流体具有均一的锌同位素组成。在大尺度上(矿体),三个中段的闪锌矿的锌同位素组成范围变化较大,其δ~(66)Zn值介于0.15‰~0.73‰之间。同一块手标本上早期阶段的闪锌矿具有更重的锌同位素组成表明早期阶段的成矿流体可能具有更重的锌同位素组成。三个中段闪锌矿的锌同位素组成变化主要受成矿流体中锌同位素组成和成矿流体的迁移就位途径控制。上震旦统灯影组白云岩的δ~(66)Zn值介于0.06‰~0.35‰之间,平均值为0.21‰,暗示热液淋滤控制了灯影组白云岩的锌同位素组成。会理群天宝山组砂岩的δ~(66)Zn值为0.62‰,可能代表了未经热液淋滤的沉积端元的锌同位素组成。本次研究表明天宝山铅锌矿床的锌主要来源于上震旦统灯影组白云岩,但不能排除白云岩之上的沉积盖层、基底和更深物质的贡献;硫主要来源于上震旦统灯影组地层中的蒸发岩(主要通过热化学还原作用形成还原硫)。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床金矿地质特征及成矿作用

甲玛铜多金属矿床按照赋矿岩石不同,共包含产于矽卡岩中的与铜共生的金矿(化)体、产于板岩-角岩中的脉状金矿(化)体、产于大理岩中的脉状金矿(化)体以及产于玢(斑)岩脉中的独立金矿(化)体4种金矿化类型。矽卡岩中的金矿化较强,全矿区金品位×厚度基本都大于1 m.g/t,存在多个富金块段;板岩中金矿化主要分布在矿区外围破碎细粒黄铁矿化硅化板岩中,角岩中金矿(化)体以富含雄黄、雌黄为特征;大理岩中金矿化较弱,矿(化)体通常呈透镜状产出;玢(斑)岩中金矿化主要产于岩脉中的石英脉内。矿石中金的赋存状态主要以独立矿物和类质同像形式存在。独立矿物形式的金以自然金、银金矿存在于铜矿物、石英、黄铁矿等载金矿物内;类质同像形式的金主要存在于以斑铜矿、黄铜矿为代表的铜矿物中。金矿物赋存状态以粒间金、包裹金为主,其次为连生金和裂隙金。笔者以甲玛铜多金属矿床金的地质特征、分布规律及赋存状态为研究基础,推测甲玛金成矿作用与幔源C-H-O流体有关,并初步建立了甲玛铜多金属矿床金成矿模型。此外,提出了运用模型开展区域及矿区下一步找矿工作的建议。