断层气探测方法在深隐伏活断层探测中的有效性研究

断层气探测方法是活动断层探测中常用的一种方法。 实践证明, 这种方法在浅覆盖地区活动断层初勘阶段是有效的。 但在第四系厚覆盖地区开展活断层探测, 断层气方法是否有效或怎样做有助于提高该方法的有效性, 是本文要阐述的问题。 本文利用天津地区断层气实测的丰富资料, 并与人工地震、 钻孔勘探、 样品年代学测定资料进行对比分析, 论证了断层气方法在深隐伏活断层空间位置、 断层活动性判定和断层分段中的有效性。 并依据实际工作经验, 给出了提高断层气方法在活断层探测中有效性的技术途径。     

Cylindrical-wave approach for the electromagnetic scattering problem by buried two-dimensional objects

A spectral-domain method, for the solution of the two-dimensional electromagnetic plane-wave scattering by a finite set of perfectly-conducting or dielectric cylinders buried in a dielectric half-space, has been developed. The scattered field is represented in terms of a superposition of cylindrical waves, and use is made of the plane-wave spectrum to take into account the reflection and transmission of such waves by the interface. The problem is solved for both the near- and the far-field regions, for TM and TE polarizations. In this work we briefly resume the theoretical basis of our approach. For configurations in which more obstacles are buried in the ground, and they are near to one another, we give details about the convergence rate of our method, and about the properties of our algorithms for the integration of cylindrical functions. With our technique it is possible to simulate two-dimensional buried obstacles of general shape, by means of a suitable set of circular-section cylinders: in this paper we show preliminary results of simulations carried out using arrays of same-radius circular cylinders, and of different-radius circular cylinders.     

广东封开的几种特色地貌

封开县有4种地貌属广东之最:①一石成山,几乎无缝隙的斑石;②贺江弯曲率为3,下切深度100～200 m的深切曲流;③动物化石十分丰富的河儿口黄岩洞,罗沙岩和峒中岩等溶洞;④阶地高度最大达76m的西江河流阶地.上述有较重要的科研、科普和旅游开发价值,要继续发掘,推动旅游事业进一步发展.     

增强型地热系统研究开发:以美国新墨西哥州芬登山为例

增强型(或工程)地热系统是指从地壳深部低孔渗的干热岩体中,采用人工工程方法形成储层,经济地采出具有相当数量的热能.这种早期被称之为干热岩的技术首次在美国新墨西哥州芬登山得到示范.本文以芬登山增强型地热系统为例,通过综述其发展历程,论述了增强型地热系统钻井与储层激发、工质流动与储层测试、储层性能评价等关键问题,总结了从芬登山增强型地热系统研究中获得的认识和启示.芬登山地热项目发展的经验表明,增强型地热储层是通过重新打开本来存在、但被密封的、多重连通的节理组,或通过水力压裂创造新的流动通道和换热面,利用复杂裂隙网络中的流循环,从储层系统中开采热能.芬登山实践表明,在稳态条件下增强型地热系统的持续运行是可能的,芬登山地热项目对世界和我国深层地热发展具有重要指导意义.     

The Dawson Cut Forest Bed in the Fairbanks area, Alaska, is about two million years old☆

The Dawson Cut Forest Bed lies in the lower part of thick, late Cenozoic loess deposits in the Fairbanks area. It is associated with several distal tephra beds that provide age control and offer the opportunity of its recognition elsewhere in central Alaska. EC tephra (named herein) occurs in the uppermost part of the Dawson Cut Forest Bed and its petrographic and chemical properties point to a co-magmatic relationship with PA tephra, which has not been found in direct association with the forest bed. Both tephra beds are pink and have unusually high Cl in their glass shards, which readily separates them from all other tephra beds in the Fairbanks area. They were produced by discrete eruptions, closely spaced in time. PA tephra has a glass-fission-track age of 2.02 ± 0.14 myr, indicating that the Dawson Cut Forest Bed must be about 2 million years old. The Palisades tephra (named herein) has very similar properties to these two tephra beds, suggesting that the buried forest bed just above it at the Palisades site on the Yukon River, about 250 km west of Fairbanks, correlates with the Dawson Cut Forest Bed.     

北京昌平高崖口-南口隐伏岩溶水系统地质构造新认识

高崖口-南口岩溶水系统是北京七大岩溶水系统之一,其东北部位于昌平南口,是隐伏岩溶地下水排泄区。查明该区地质构造发育情况,可以为评价岩溶水资源及北京优选战略后备水源地提供依据。本文在分析前人区域性重磁资料基础上,完成了5条总长30 km、总测点数626个的可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)剖面,采用SCS2D程序对CSAMT数据进行了二维反演解释,并实施了4眼勘探孔。物探和钻探研究结果表明:南口-孙河断裂是该系统的北东边界,走向北西,倾向南西,在雪山村附近断层落差达1017.5 m,是目前发现的断距最大的地区;断裂上盘蓟县系碳酸盐岩与侏罗系火山岩的地层界线,向西移动了2.4 km;南口山前断裂是山区裸露岩溶与平原隐伏岩溶的分界断裂,断裂走向北东,倾向南东,断距大于700 m,断裂上盘曹庄至南口一带有燕山期二长岩侵入,流村-葛村一带有燕山期闪长岩侵入。广泛发育的断层、岩体和火山岩,使这一区域岩溶含水层空间受到较大制约。     

Reconstructing the geomorphic evolution of large coastal dunes along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan

Coastal dunes are common along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, with the most common being large (>30 m high), parabolic dunes that mantle lake terraces south of Manistee, MI. Although these dunes are an important resource in Michigan, and thus intensely managed by various state agencies, their geomorphic history is poorly understood. This study examines four sites near Holland, MI, through stratigraphic and radiocarbon analyses and is the most detailed geomorphic reconstruction conducted of coastal parabolic dunes in the region. Results from this study could benefit the environmental agencies in their management of the coastal dune ecosystem.Deposition of Eolian sand apparently began 5500 cal. years BP (i.e., during the Nipissing high stand). Most (75%) dune building occurred between 4000 and 2500 cal. years BP but was punctuated by brief periods of stability that resulted in the development of Entisols (A/C horizonation). Entisol burial occurred because the sand supply apparently increased during both the receding and rising lake levels. Subsequently, each dune stabilized for 2000 years, allowing the formation of Inceptisols (i.e., A/E/Bs/C horizonation). This interval of dune stability correlates with sites south of Holland and occurred while Lake Michigan fluctuated slowly and the beach potentially prograded. These combined variables of slow fluctuation and potential beach progradation hypothetically protected the dunes from wave erosion. Dunes near Holland became active again 1000–500 cal. years BP and grew both vertically and laterally. This activity intensified in the past 500 cal. years BP and hypothetically occurred due to recession of the lake shore such that wave erosion at the modern bluff base resumed. Results from this study indicate that coastal dunes along Lake Michigan are similar to many coastal dunes around the world, including those along the intermediate beaches in SE Australia.     

隐伏地裂缝破裂扩展研究综述

日益增多的地裂缝灾害受到人们的普遍关注,而隐伏地裂缝数量更加巨大,其破裂扩展的随机性及潜在的灾害效应是我们必须面临和解决的问题。隐伏地裂缝的破裂扩展方式受多种因素影响,包括地裂缝的位错量、倾角和活动速率,上覆土层的性质、厚度和地层结构,以及表水下渗、开采地下水、地震动和时间效应等,这些因素的组合和叠加,导致隐伏地裂缝的破裂力学机制复杂,破裂扩展过程难以再现。目前隐伏地裂缝的破裂扩展研究方法主要采用现场调查与勘探、模型试验、力学综合分析与解析和数值模拟等综合手段,研究内容包括地裂缝破裂扩展各种形成条件和诱发因素的影响效应。通过分析隐伏地裂缝破裂扩展在其形成的复杂环境地质条件、多期活动性、长期蠕动性和多种诱发因素共同作用下的综合效应与力学机制,研究其破裂扩展过程,追踪不同深度的破裂位置及影响带宽度,确定一定条件下隐伏地裂缝扩展引起的地表最大位错量和最小安全覆盖层厚度,制定统一的地裂缝影响带宽度确定方法和标准,可为解释实际地裂缝破裂现象和地裂缝灾害综合防治提供依据,也是今后的研究重点。     

Evolution of the Peak Hill high-sulfidation epithermal Au–Cu deposit,eastern Australia

The early Palaeozoic Macquarie Arc, southeastern Australia, hosts a variety of major late Ordovician to earliest Silurian subduction-related deposits (e.g., Cadia East, Ridgeway, Cadia Hill, Cowal and Northparkes). However, there is uncertainty about whether coeval high-sulfidation epithermal deposits, which occur in intra-oceanic metallogenic belts elsewhere in the West Pacific, (e.g., Lepanto and Chinkuashih), are also present in the Macquarie Arc. This has led to suggestions that their absence may be due to the poor preservation potential of deposits that form at relatively shallow crustal levels in ancient rocks. We present here an interpretation for evolution of the Peak Hill Au–Cu deposit based on the distribution of alteration facies, sulfur isotope data from several textural forms of pyrite and barite, and an assessment of the regional volcanic and sedimentary facies architecture. These data show that the Peak Hill deposit displays a distinct sub-vertical zoning with a pyrophyllite and vuggy-quartz core, that today extends about 350 m east–west and at least 550 m north–south, which grades out through paragonite+muscovite, kaolinite to a chlorite+epidote alteration zone at the margin. The alteration zoning reflects both lower temperatures and neutralisation of acid fluids with increasing distance from the core, which represents the conduit along which hot acidic hydrothermal fluids were channelled. Several temporally overlapping events of silicification, bladed-quartz-pyrite veining, brecciation and pyrite veining occurred during the last stages of hydrothermal alteration, although most appear to predate mineralisation. Au–Cu mineralisation was associated with late quartz-pyrite-barite veins, and the highest gold grades occur mainly in microcrystalline-quartz-altered rocks in the paragonite+muscovite alteration zone, generally within 50 m outward from the boundary of the pyrophyllite and vuggy-quartz core. Sulfur- and lead-isotope data, and the characteristic zoning of ore minerals and alteration assemblages support a magmatic source for the hydrothermal fluids. Similarities in many of the isotopic signatures between Peak Hill and deposits such as Northparkes support generation of the high-sulfidation mineralisation during the Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian (possibly ca. 440 Ma) metallogenic event. The Late Ordovician to Early Silurian volcanic and sedimentary facies associations at Peak Hill are consistent with alteration and mineralisation occurring in rocks deposited in a submarine setting.     

中国东部中新世风尘沉积的发现及其研究意义

黄土高原红粘土古气候与古环境研究取得巨大进展。已知最老的红粘土时代达到22 Ma，在亚洲晚新生代环境演变研究，特别是在指示亚洲内陆干旱荒漠化、高原隆升的环境效应等方面有重要意义。结合野外实地调查和室内粒度、磁化率、扫描电镜和地球化学实验分析结果，对南京附近灵岩山剖面的沉积特征与风尘沉积证据进行了探讨。在灵岩山剖面玄武岩下覆的松散沉积层中有厚度超过4 m的风尘沉积层，时代在12 Ma以前，为迄今中国东部发现的新生代最老的风尘沉积物，是中新世季风气候出现之后的产物，推测与秦安红土剖面记录的15～13 Ma快速强烈粉尘沉积阶段一致，并和南极冰盖15 Ma开始扩大造成的全球降温事件有关联。