航电在高山区找矿快速突破中的应用

为了寻找一种快速、高效的地球物理找矿手段,在我国西部高山地区——青海省五龙沟开展了大比例尺航电示范测量,采用高精度测量和随地形缓起伏飞行的方式获得了区内高质量的航电数据,通过数据处理,结合物性资料分析了示范区的电磁场特征,进行了异常筛选及异常解释工作,结合快速钻探查证实现了示范区找矿工作的"当年飞行、当年查证、当年见矿"的找矿工作新模式的快速突破.从完成的航电调查工作与找矿效果来看,在高山地区开展航电测量具有速度快、精度高、费用低和找矿效果显著等特点,具有广泛的应用前景和推广价值.     

Late Pleistocene climate of the northern Iberian Peninsula: New insights from palaeoglaciers at Fuentes Carrionas (Cantabrian Mountains)

New ¹⁰Be dates for glacial landforms in the Fuentes Carrionas area (Cantabrian Mountains, nothern Spain) are presented. Mapped and dated landforms in Fuentes Carrionas made possible a palaeoglacier reconstruction for four glacial stages. Results were compared to other nearby palaeoenvironmental proxies, so a final approximation on the mean annual temperature and annual precipitation that caused the four glacial advance stages is proposed. Glaciers reached their maximum extension at 36 ka, in a cold and dry environment. A second advance stage took place between 18.5 and 19.5 ka, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when glaciers advanced in a wet environment, with positive rainfall anomalies. A third glacial advance was dated during the Oldest Dryas, in which climate shifted to extremely cold and dry conditions. Finally, a last stage has been identified and proposed to the Younger Dryas, in which precipitation anomalies are negligible. Our results confirm some of the previously made palaeoglacial and palaeoenvironmental inferences for the Iberian Peninsula, as well as provide valuable and accurate anomalies, which are useful for climate modelling.     

瞬变电磁测深在煤炭勘查工作中的应用

目前瞬变电磁法在地质勘探中应用的越来越广。因其分辨率高,特别是横向分辨率更高,可分辨出地下规模较小的不均匀体,所以在金属矿及煤矿采空区等勘探方面应用的比较早,技术也比较成熟。笔者将瞬变电磁法用于火成岩侵入沉积地层的煤炭勘查工作中的应用效果做一介绍。     

The age of the Kagenfels granite (northern Vosges) and its bearing on the intrusion scheme of late Variscan granitoids

In the Saxothuringian part of the Vosges (France), a first series of Variscan plutonic rocks (diorites to granites) has been intruded by several younger granites. Rocks of both the older generations have been cross-cut by the late orogenic Kagenfels granite. The averages of the hitherto published mineral ages of the earlier rock generations are 331 and 334 Ma, respectively, whereas Rb-Sr and K-Ar dates around 290 Ma have been reported for the Kagenfels granite. Because of the unlikely large age hiatus, a redetermination of the intrusion age of the Kagenfels granite formation appeared to be irrevocable. The newly obtained mineral ages on the Kagenfels granite (K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite ages as well as single zircon radiogenic ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb data: 331 ± 5 Ma) are about 40 Ma older than the previous results. They are interpreted as giving the time of emplacement of the Kagenfels granite during the latest Visan. The mineral ages of the earlier plutonic rocks in this part of the Variscan Orogeny in all probability are not significantly different from their ages of intrusion. Therefore the age concordance of all three granitoid generations constrains a rather narrow time interval of orogenic magmatism close to the Lower-Upper Carboniferous boundary.     

中条裂谷的递进演化与王屋山地区铜矿成矿地质条件分析

对中条—王屋山地区前寒武纪沉积建造、岩浆建造、构造形态的分析后,反演出中条裂谷的递进演化过程,认为王屋山地区在中条裂谷和区域地壳的演化过程中形成了极为有利的成矿条件:①形成多层含矿建造;②通达地幔的深大断裂提供了丰富的矿源和成矿空间;③频繁的岩浆活动补充了矿质并提供了成矿热能;④剥离断层系统进一步提供了扩容空间;⑤以活化转移为主要机制的强烈变形变质作用对已形成的含矿建造(矿源层)进行改造。因此,王屋山地区具有巨大的找矿潜力。     

23,000 yr of vegetation history of the Upper Lerma, a tropical high-altitude basin in Central Mexico

Pollen analysis on a 9.54-m sediment core from lake Chignahuapan in the upper Lerma basin, the highest intermontane basin in Central Mexico (2570 m asl), documents vegetation and limnological changes over the past ∼23,000 ¹⁴C yr. The core was drilled near the archaeological site of Santa Cruz Atizapán, a site with a long history of human occupation, abandoned at the end of the Epiclassic period (ca. 900 AD). Six radiocarbon AMS dates and two well-dated volcanic events, the Upper Toluca Pumice with an age of 11,600 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and the Tres Cruces Tephra of 8500 ¹⁴C yr B.P., provide the chronological framework for the lacustrine sequence. From ca. 23,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. to ca. 11,600 ¹⁴C yr B.P. the plant communities were woodlands and grasslands based on the pollen data. The glacial advances MII-1 and MII-2 correlate with abundant non-arboreal pollen, mainly grasses, from ca. 21,000 to 16,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., and at ca. 12,600 ¹⁴C yr B.P. During the late Pleistocene, lake Chignahuapan was a shallow freshwater lake with a phase of lower level between 19,000 and 16,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. After 10,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., tree cover in the area increased, and a more variable lake level is documented. Late Holocene (ca. 3100 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) deforestation was concurrent with human population expansion at the beginning of the Formative period (1500 B.C.). Agriculture and manipulation of the lacustrine environment by human lakeshore populations appear at 1200 ¹⁴C yr B.P. (550 A.D.) with the appearance of Zea mays pollen and abundant charcoal particles.     

Extinguishing disaster in Alpine France: The fate of reforestation as technocratic debacle

In 19th-century France, concepts of alpine degradation formed the basis of ambitious state policies to reforest the Alps, Pyrenees, and Massif Central. Responding to the reality of large-scale flooding and to assumptions about the destructiveness of agro-pastoralism, both the Second-Empire and early Third-Republic regimes formulated legislation allowing for both voluntary and mandatory alpine reforestation projects. The latter regime's law of 1882 on the restoration and conservation of alpine lands was more conciliatory toward alpine agro-pastoralists; however, two case studies demonstrate that foresters attempted to overstep the limits of this more restrictive law. These actions conduced to rural protest which stymied the reforestation schemes. Although foresters could claim victory following the amended reforestation law of 1913, reduced budgets and a reduced forestry corps after World War One prevented its full implementation. Ultimately, geographers and some foresters revised scientific thinking about the history of deforestation, alpine ecology, and the place of humans in the mountains.     

北京西山鹫峰地区氢氧稳定同位素特征分析

以北京西山鹫峰低山区为研究对象,通过对降水、土壤水、泉水氢氧同位素的变化特征分析,研究低山区的降水-土壤水-泉水的转化关系。研究结果表明:该地区的雨季降水线与北京地区的地区降水线有明显区别,斜率和截距偏小;随降雨的进行氢氧同位素特征有时程变化和降雨量效应,而降雨的时程变化也对土壤水的同位素特征产生了影响;土壤水分同位素分布特征相对集中,蒸发线方程的斜率和截距相对于当地大气降水线和雨季降水线都偏小,栓皮栎混交林土壤水对于小雨量次降雨事件反应不敏感,而侧柏林的土壤水分运动较栓皮栎混交林快,说明林分类型和土壤特性对不同水体之间的转化有影响;泉水的同位素特征比较稳定,主要分布在地区降水线的右下方与雨季降水线的交点附近;不同水体中降雨的δD、δ18O变化范围较大,土壤水次之,泉水变化最小;而沿着大气降水-土壤水-地下水(泉水)这一水循环路径,水体中的δD、δ18O值总体上呈下降趋势。     

Bauxite development in the North Apuseni mountains, western Romania

The stratigraphic and palaeogeomorphologic conditions of bauxite formation in the North Apuseni mountains are related to the geotectonic evolution of western Romania during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Bauxitization, accumulation and preservation of the bauxites were directly associated with karst development in the area under study. The petrographic and mineralogic nature of the bauxite deposits reveal superimposed aliagenetic, catagenic and, locally, metamorphic features. A comparative analysis of the principal chemical components of the different bauxite-bearing zones of the North Apuseni mountains are used to show similar development.     

中国西天山南缘盆山构造转换解析

在西天山南缘,天山造山带向塔里木盆地北缘的盆山过渡,是以前陆褶皱冲断构造形式向库车一拜城前陆盆地渐变,表现为一系列褶皱冲断组合的构造样式。根据独库公路南段构造变形分析,可组合成６个部分：库尔干一铁力买提达坂根带褶皱系、南天山南缘逆冲断裂带、前陆逆冲推覆构造带、前陆双冲褶皱构造带、前陆隐伏逆冲前缘构造带、沙雅一轮台前缘叠加变形构造带。前陆盆地的发展可以划分为晚二叠一早三叠世、中三叠世一侏罗纪、白垩一