气候变化和工程活动对青藏铁路沿线植被指数时空变化的影响

基于1982-2015年的GIMMS NDVI3g+及同期气候数据,利用最大值合成法获得青藏铁路沿线直接影响区和生态背景区的年内NDVI最大值、年际NDVI平均值,对其进行了趋势分析、变异分析、气候相关分析和残差分析,部分结果用MODISNDVI(2001-2018年)进行了验证.研究表明:①青藏铁路年际NDVI高度响...     

青藏铁路沿线1966-2004年冻结与融化指数的变化趋势

利用日气温观测值计算了青藏铁路沿线7 个主要气象站1966-2004 年的年冻结与融化指数,分析了这些指数的统计与分布特征,并应用两种趋势检验方法：非参数Mann-Kendall 检验法和简单线性回归法分析了这些台站年冻结与融化指数的变化趋势。结果表明,青藏铁路沿线多年平均冻结指数大致分布在95~2300 ^oC·日之间, 多年平均融化指数大致在630~3250 ^oC·日之间。7 个站点的冻结指数均呈减少趋势,其线性倾向率分布在-16.6~-59.1 ^oC·日/10a 之间;融化指数均呈增加趋势,其线性倾向率分布在19.8~45.6 ^oC·日/10a 之间。MK 趋势检验的结果显示,除格尔木表现出微弱的减少趋势外,其他站点都呈现了0.05 水平 下的显著减少趋势;年融化指数除格尔木和沱沱河表现出弱增加趋势外,其他5 个台站都显示出了0.05 水平下的显著增加趋势。简单线性回归方法得到的趋势结果与MK 趋势检验结果相一致。     

青藏铁路无人值守地应力综合监测站

介绍了安装在青藏铁路沿线一种新型的无人值守综合地应力监测站。该监测站采用无线GPRS通信技术,通过Internet连接到安装在北京的地质力学研究所地应力监测局域网中心端服务器,实现数据交换和监测站的远程控制,该项技术克服了传统地应力测量需要人工现场信息采集的弱点,使用数据终端来实现地应力监测的自动化。该监测站能够进行青藏铁路沿线的昆仑山、安多、羊八井深孔应力监测和昆仑山西大滩昆中断裂位移监测,可以对青藏铁路沿线地球物理数据、地质灾害数据、地质环境数据及地球动力学过程实现不间断的监测,为青藏铁路沿线的地质灾害、青藏高原构造变形动力学过程的研究和地震预报、高原环境研究提供基础数据,增强了对青藏高原地质灾害、地震的预警能力。      

滇藏铁路滇西北段主要地质灾害类型及发育规律的探讨

滇藏铁路滇西北段位于青藏高原东南缘向云贵高原的过渡部位,地貌复杂、峡谷深切,新构造运动十分强烈,地震活动频繁。该区的降雨主要集中在5~10月份,降雨强度大且集中。复杂的地质环境加之降雨、人类活动等外部因素造成该地区成为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害多发区,常引起交通中断、毁坏房屋及人员伤亡事故。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,着重阐述了滇藏铁路滇西北段主要地质灾害类型及发育规律,对于减少和预防铁路遭受崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等的危害具有重要的理论和实际意义。      

音频大地电磁法在某隧道勘察中的应用

新建池州到黄山铁路是一条致力服务于旅游业的高速铁路,全线隧道比超过60%,该铁路设计多条长大隧道,其中某隧道全长8986m,洞身距离地表的最大高差达775m,一般的勘探方法很难达到这个深度,而且隧道沿线沟壑纵横、地貌多变,断裂构造非常发育,地下暗河众多,地质情况极其复杂。音频大地电磁法勘探深度较大、施工成本低、对低阻分辨率较高,它装备轻便,通过性好,目前已成为国内外用于山区长大深埋隧道勘察的主要方法。该文介绍了音频大地电磁测深法的工作原理、野外技术方法和资料处理流程,阐述了该方法在某隧道勘察中的实际应用效果。该隧道的音频大地电磁测深工作野外数据采集精度较高,数据处理方法得当,基本查明了隧道沿线地层分布情况及断层等不良地质体特征,推断成果与钻探结果吻合较好,圆满完成了预期任务,依据物探结果对地层完整性进行了评价,对隧道围岩进行了分级划定,为下一步隧道施工提供了可靠的地球物理依据,也为今后类似工作起到了一定的借鉴作用和参考价值。     

内蒙古大塔-何家塔铁路风沙路基综合防护体系

内蒙古大塔-何家塔铁路全线风沙路基长61.5 km,占正线长度的48.7%,风沙危害已严重威胁到线路的正常运营,并制约了区域矿产资源的外运。通过对当地气候条件、植被类型、沙丘分布等因素的调查,确定了植物防护和工程防护相结合的综合治理方案。选用沙柳、柠条、杨柴、胡杨多种植物,采取高立式沙障、HDPE网方格、沙柳活沙障树枝方格、水冲沙柳种植和灌木植物防护带多措施并举,在半固定沙丘和流动沙丘区段,依据风沙路基的不同危害程度,采用不同层次的风沙防护措施,构建了具有严密性、整体性的防沙体系。实践证明,活沙障与植物防护林带等措施形成了完整的绿色防护体系,阻沙、固沙作用显著,大大降低了风沙上道等危害铁路的可能性,保障了铁路的安全运营,为同类地区沙漠铁路的风沙治理工作积累了宝贵经验。     

高原铁路冻土区低温环保钻井液体系设计与循环过程温度场分析

川藏铁路位于高原高寒高山峡谷地带,沿线冻土覆盖率高达80%,环境生态脆弱。在地质勘察钻探施工中,钻井液不仅要有良好的耐低温性和流变性,还要满足环保性要求。本文以钠膨润土为钻井液造浆材料,NaCl为防冻剂,CMC和生化黄腐酸钾为降滤失剂,黄原胶为增粘剂;根据正交试验优选出0、-5和-10 ℃地层温度条件下的钻井液配方;利用ANSYS模拟软件对不同温度下钻井液在钻进循环过程中的温度场分布进行模拟;还设计了一种环保钻井液材料包。试验结果表明,优选的钻井液配方在低温条件下的流动性、动切力和粘度等方面性能良好,同时经济性和环保性也满足现场施工要求;模拟结果表明优选的4种低温钻井液在各自“适用温度”条件下防冻效果良好,安全系数高,能保证钻进过程的正常进行。     

Air density effects on aeolian sand movement: Implications for sediment transport and sand control in regions with extreme altitudes or temperatures

Aeolian sand transport results from interactions between the ground surface and airflow. Previous research has focused on the effects on sand entrainment and mass transport of surface features and wind velocity, but the influence of air density, which strongly constrains airflow characteristics and the resulting sand flow, has not been widely considered. In the present study, entrainment, saltation characteristics and transport rates were examined at nine experimental sites ranging in elevation from ?154 m below sea‐level (Aiding Lake) to 5076 m above sea‐level (Tanggula Mountain pass on the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau). At each site, a portable wind tunnel and high‐speed camera system were set up, and the friction wind velocity, threshold friction velocity and sand flow structure were observed systematically. For a given volumetric airflow, lower air density increases the wind velocity. Low air density also creates a high threshold friction velocity. The Bagnold wind erosion threshold model remains valid, but the value of empirical parameter A decreased with decreasing air density and ranged from 0·10 to 0·07, the smallest values reported in the literature. For a given wind velocity, increased altitude reduced total sand transport and creeping, but the saltation rate and saltation height increased. The present results provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the initiation and transport of sand by wind in regions with an extreme temperature or altitude (for example, alpine deserts and low‐lying lake basins) or on other planets, including Mars. These results also provide theoretical support for improved sand‐control engineering measures. The data and empirical equations provided in this paper improve the ability to estimate threshold and transport conditions for wind‐blown sand.     

Effect of climate change and railway embankment on the degradation of underlain permafrost

Because of the global warming and the increasing human activity, the air temperature and the precipitation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway increased gradually in recent years, which endanger the permafrost table, the embankment of the railway. The statistics of the air temperature, the precipitation and the geothermal temperature in recent 50 years in this dissertation come from the four weather station along the railway, that are Wudaoliang Station, Fenghuo Mountains Station, Tuotuo River Station and Ando Station. This dissertation analyzes the change of climate along the railway and then develops a research on the effect of the changing geothermal temperature on permafrost table and its countermeasures. The experiment result shows that the air temperature of the permafrost region rise steadily in about 50 years, especially in this century, the tendency of rising temperature is more obvious. The precipitation fluctuates but it is also rising rapidly, for the largest precipitation reached 492.6 mm. For 30 years now, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been in the megathermal period, which also affects the permafrost region along the railway. The condition of permafrost is degrading greatly.     

机车荷载下多年冻土区桥梁桩基振动响应特征

为研究多年冻土区机车振动荷载作用下桥梁桩基的动力响应特征,选取了多年冻土区清水河特大桥的两个桥梁桩基进行现场强震动测试．对测试数据进行加速度响应及傅里叶谱响应分析,得出桥梁桩基的振动响应衰减规律及振动能量的分布规律．在此基础上,结合有限元结构分析软件,运用瞬态动力分析法,选取一个测试桩为实例进行二维动力响应的数值计算,...