Variations and trends of the freezing and thaw- ing index along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway for 1966?2004

Annual freezing and thawing index of 7 meteorological stations along the Qing-hai-Xizang Railway were calculated based on daily maximum and minimum temperature records for 1966?2004. Trends of annual freezing and thawing index were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and a simple linear regression method. The results show that: 1) The mean annual freezing indices range from 95 to 2300℃·d and the mean annual thawing indi-ces range from 630 to 3250℃·d. The mean annual freezing index of the 7 stations exhibited decreasing trends with decreasing rate of ?16.6– ?59.1℃·d /10a. The mean annual thawing index of these 7 stations showed increasing trends with the related decreasing rate is 19.83–45.6℃·d /10a. 2) The MK trend test indicated the significant decreasing trends (sig-nificant at < 0.05 significant level) in the annual freezing index for most stations except for Golmud. The significant increasing trends can be observed in the annual thawing index for 4 stations except Golmud and Tuotuohe. Golmud was the only station with no trends in both annual freezing and annual thawing index.     

青藏铁路沿线阻沙栅栏防护机理及其效应分析

对青藏铁路沿线阻沙栅栏的流场结构、阻沙效率进行风洞模拟实验,对沱沱河路段阻沙栅栏的野外积沙形态进行观测。结果显示,气流经过栅栏时有遇阻抬升、集流加速、减速沉降区和消散恢复区。在越过栅栏后形成两个减速恢复区和两个加速区,减速区分别距地表3 cm和20 cm处,加速区分别位于近地表和35 cm高度处。随来流风速的增加,栅栏前加速区起始范围向栅栏逼近,而栅栏后恢复区起点向远离栅栏方向发展。当气流越过栅栏后风速急剧降低,导致沙粒减速沉降。随进口风速的增加,栅栏间阻沙量和越过栅栏后输出沙量呈指数关系递增。铁路沿线采用的栅栏阻沙效率达80%以上,且随风速的增加呈线性关系递减。沱沱河路段阻沙栅栏西南侧以风蚀为主,最大风蚀深度达16\^7 cm,其余区域表现为积沙,最大积沙厚度达19\^9 cm。     

Progress of Research on Wind-blown Sand Prevention and Control of Railways in China

Based on the development of railways in desert areas of China, the types, characteristics, schemes, measures and technical systems of wind-sand disaster prevention and control were systematically analyzed in this paper. In view of the regional characteristics of sandy areas and the genres of railway sand damage in China, the results achieved and problems faced of wind-sand hazard and prevention technology in quicksand surface, plateau cold region and Gobi gale area were discussed as a case study. Combined with the expanding trend of railways in desert zone in China at present, starting from the theoretical research and the practice of sand control in engineering, it was proposed that the railway sand harm of complicated terrain and special environment is the key research direction in the field of wind-sand engineering in the future, which is also the crucial and difficult point in the protection and control of railway sand hazard in sandy zones.     

气候变化背景下青藏铁路沿线多年冻土变化特征研究

多年冻土是复杂地气系统的产物, 以升温为特征的气候变化不可避免地对其产生影响. 基于青藏铁路沿线8个天然场地2006-2011年的地温监测资料, 分析了气候变化背景下, 多年冻土升温特征及上限变化规律, 并对低、高温冻土的变化特征进行了对比分析. 结果表明: 2006-2011年监测期间, 铁路沿线多年冻土正在经历明显的升温趋势, 上限附近和15 m深处平均升温率分别为0.015 ℃·a^-1和0.018 ℃·a^-1, 其中, 低温冻土区在上述两个深度处升温均比高温冻土区显著; 多年冻土上限深度也表现出一定的增深趋势, 平均增深速率为4.7 cm·a^-1, 其中, 高温冻土区增深速率大于低温冻土区. 低、高温冻土对气候变化的响应表现出了较大差异. 同时, 受局地因素的影响, 不同区域在升温和上限增深上也存在一定差异.     

Experimental analysis of track-ground vibrations on a stretch of the Portuguese railway network

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental campaign developed on a stretch of the Portuguese railway network. The experimental work includes three fundamental and complementary components: the characterization of the ground, the characterization of the track and the measurement of the vibrations generated by railway traffic. The characterization of the ground was performed using a combination of conventional and geophysical tests (cross-hole and SASW). The mechanical characterization of the track was performed through receptance tests and the rail unevenness profile was accurately measured. The vibrations due to the passage of more than 20 trains were measured. First, a selection of the results is presented and analysed in detail; later, the variability of the responses is briefly discussed. The presented data may be used by other researchers (e.g. in the validation of their prediction models), since it can be downloaded from www.fe.up.pt/~csf/DataCarregado.zip.     

青海柴木铁路多年冻土区片石路基工程措施效果的模糊评价

为综合评价多年冻土区片石路基工程措施效果, 以青海柴木铁路为例, 通过分析筛选多年冻土区片石路基工程措施效果评价因子, 给出各评价指标的层次结构, 建立综合评价模型, 确定工程效果评价分级标准与评价因子权重, 采用模糊数学方法对柴木铁路多年冻土区片石路基工程措施效果进行评价, 评价结果显示: 柴木铁路多年冻土地区片石路基工程效果评价结果为较好状态的占86.1%, 处于一般状态的比例为7.5%, 处于较差状态的为6.4%, 没有处于良好状态的路段. 结合试验断面测温资料, 采用模糊方法的评价结果与野外实际观测结果基本相符, 说明此方法可运用于多年冻土区片石路基工程措施效果评价中.     

大瑞铁路澜沧江大桥工程边坡稳定性三维数值模拟分析

采用现场调查、工程地质分析和三维数值模拟方法,对在建大瑞铁路工程澜沧江大桥边坡稳定性进行了综合分析研究。澜沧江大桥是在建大瑞铁路的控制性工程之一,由于多种因素的综合作用,桥址岸坡发育延伸较长的顺坡向节理和近垂直的陡倾节理。右岸桥位工程开挖区位于一组较大型顺坡结构面的下方,岸坡稳定性直接关系到桥位的适宜性。综合研究表明,工程开挖后,右岸桥位上部岩体极易在顺坡向结构面的控制下发生滑移–拉裂式破坏,沿外倾结构面产生较大的位移,甚至可能失稳,需要进行专门的工程治理。左岸边坡岩体结构相对稳定,工程开挖后,位移将主要集中在开挖面附近的浅表层部位,不仅变形较小,影响范围也相对较小。      

铁路技术跨越式转移的制度—经济—文化适应性——基于亚吉铁路的实证分析

国家在制度、经济、文化、技术等要素之间组成相互支撑、制衡、嵌套的平衡系统,而技术的跨越式转移将会引起系统的失衡,造成“技术—环境”摩擦效应。本文试图构建技术与制度、经济、文化平衡系统概念模型,进而凝练铁路—制度—经济—文化平衡系统模型,并以亚吉铁路为例,分析铁路技术跨越式转移与属地国制度—经济—文化系统的适应性。研究表明,埃塞俄比亚和吉布提仍处于农牧业阶段,而亚吉铁路作为电气化铁路技术,属于“跨越式”的技术转移,脱离了属地国的既有发展基础,造成铁路技术与制度、经济、文化的不适应性。本文的研究结论可以为中国企业在全球尤其是欠发达国家承担铁路建设运维与推广中国铁路技术标准提供理论指导。     

“高铁流”视角下的中国城市网络层级结构演变研究

中国短时间内大规模的高铁建设对城市可达性和连通性产生了巨大影响。随着“流空间”理论的兴起,高铁建设对城市网络的影响更值得关注。基于此,本文采用2007—2014年历年高铁列车频次全样本数据,通过构建高铁节点优势度指数、高铁线路强度指数、熵指数等定量分析模型,试图探讨基于高铁列车频次的中国城市网络结构及其变化。结果表明：随着高铁网络的空间扩展,城市之间的连通性不断加强,城市网络层级结构逐渐均质化演变;基于高铁网络的中国城市体系结构趋向于多中心化;长三角地区的高铁网络相较于其他地区更加完善。     

青藏铁路片石气冷路基工程试验研究

为确定青藏高原多年冻土区片石气冷路基修筑后温度场的变化过程,在青藏铁路清水河高温冻土细粒土段设计并开展了片石气冷路堤和普通路堤实体工程对比试验.基于两个测试断面的两个冻融循环的地温和变形监测资料,对比分析了片石气冷路堤与普通路堤的天然地面孔、左、右路肩孔的地温变化情况、温度场中最大融化深度的变化及路基的沉降变形情况.结果表明:片石气冷路堤体内地温寒季明显低于普通路堤段,利于积存冷量,其最大融化深度抬升幅度较大,该路基的沉降变形小于对比段.片石气冷路堤能够有效发挥降低地温、保护多年冻土的作用,是一种主动保护多年冻土的措施.