川藏铁路雅安—林芝段典型地质灾害与工程地质问题

川藏铁路是中国正在规划建设的重点工程,穿越地形地貌和地质构造都极为复杂的青藏高原东部。铁路沿线活动断裂发育、地震频发,新建铁路雅安—林芝段直接穿越或近距离展布于龙门山断裂带、鲜水河断裂带等10条大型区域性活动断裂带,部分断裂活动速率值达10 mm/a,潜在强震危险性高。在内外动力耦合作用下,铁路沿线地质灾害极为发育,密集分布于大渡河、雅砻江、金沙江、澜沧江、怒江和雅鲁藏布江及其一级支流、活动断裂带和公路沿线,其中高位远程滑坡及链式灾害、深层蠕变-剧滑型滑坡、地震滑坡等灾害危害严重,成为了铁路建设的“拦路虎”。铁路沿线处于以水平构造应力为主导的高地应力环境,穿越华南主体应力区、龙门山—松潘应力区、川滇应力区、墨脱—昌都应力区和喜马拉雅应力区等5个大的一级构造应力区;雅安—康定段最大主应力方向为NWW—NW向,并向林芝方向呈现NNE向偏转,地应力在平面和垂向空间上表现为强烈局部差异性,如折多山某隧道地应力测试结果揭示了在垂向上存在应力释放区。在高地应力条件下,铁路沿线深埋隧道潜在围岩岩爆和大变形危害风险大。铁路建设应加强活动断裂安全避让、重大地质灾害早期识别和监测预警、深埋隧道地应力和岩爆大变形超前预测预报等工作,科学指导铁路选线与防灾减灾。     

基于GWRRK的多年冻土地温空间分布模拟研究

研究冻土地温空间分布,有助于探索冻土活动层厚度的变化特征,为冻土灾害防治提供科学依据。以青藏铁路昆仑山至尺曲谷地段多年冻土覆盖区域为研究区域,采用地理加权岭回归克里金（GWRRK）方法对该区域2001年7月至9月的地温空间分布进行了模拟,揭示了该区域多年冻土融化深度的变化特征。结果表明：研究区域内多年冻土地温总体表现为山区地温低于平原和盆地地区地温;地温随深度的增加而降低,在0~5 m的深度区间内温度变化较大,平均温差为10.3 ℃,而在5~15 m的深度区间内基本保持不变,平均温差仅0.2 ℃。通过将GWRRK方法与具有外部漂移克里金（KED）方法和地理加权岭回归（GWRR）方法的模拟效果进行对比,发现前者的模拟精度优于后两种方法。     

岩溶区桩基力学特性分析及桩型优化设计研究

设计人员在岩溶区进行市政、铁路等重荷载建筑作业时,往往采用桩基础以满足上部结构对地基土的承载力需求。桩基设计亦按照岩溶区桩基技术规范,在完整基岩满足限值的前提下,验算基础承载力并选定基础设计参数,进而指导施工。分析我国各地区岩溶勘探现状,基岩裂隙的不均匀性造成岩溶发育的不规律性,导致基岩岩溶分布与埋深无特定关系。故按照既有经验,机械执行设计规范,以完整基岩作为桩长控制的唯一因素,不可避免地造成经济浪费。通过采用土工布等限定成桩边界,建立桩基受力模型,得出岩溶段桩体可提供的最大摩阻力,并将其作为桩体力学平衡组成因素。最终通过岩溶率统计,估算潜在摩阻力值,从而在满足承载力需求的情况下,调整设计桩长及勘探深度,进而制定特定地区设计原则,优化成桩工艺、节约工程造价。     

Study on the particle breakage of ballast based on a GPU accelerated discrete element method

Breakage of particles will have greatly influence on mechanical behavior of granular material(GM)under external loads,such as ballast,rockfill and sand.The discrete element method(DEM)is one of the most popular methods for simulating GM as each particle is represented on its own.To study breakage mechanism of particle breakage,a cohesive contact mode is developed based on the GPU accelerated DEM code-Blaze-DEM.A database of the 3D geometry model of rock blocks is established based on the 3D scanning method.And an agglomerate describing the rock block with a series of non-overlapping spherical particles is used to build the DEM numerical model of a railway ballast sample,which is used to the DEM oedometric test to study the particles’breakage characteristics of the sample under external load.Furthermore,to obtain the meso-mechanical parameters used in DEM,a black-analysis method is used based on the laboratory tests of the rock sample.Based on the DEM numerical tests,the particle breakage process and mechanisms of the railway ballast are studied.All results show that the developed code can better used for large scale simulation of the particle breakage analysis of granular material.     

不同温度下冻土单轴抗压强度与电阻率关系研究

为了研究青藏铁路路基在载荷下的力学行为,探索新型手段快速准确地估计冻土的单轴抗压强度参数,采用北麓河粉质黏土在室内进行了不同温度的冻土单轴压缩试验,并全过程监测土样电阻率的变化,得到了冻土的应力-应变-电阻率全过程曲线。试验结果表明,在干密度 1.71 g/cm3且含水率 17.83 %下,冻土的单轴抗压强度随温度降低而线性增加;初始电阻率 随温度降低逐渐增大,从-20℃对温度的敏感性开始显著增强;冻土单轴抗压强度与初始电阻率之间满足半对数线性关系,相关性很好,因此测定初始电阻率可准确估算冻土的 。从应力-应变-电阻率全过程曲线来看,冻土在单轴载荷作用下经历的压密、弹性变形、塑性屈服、破裂后各阶段对应电阻率变化趋势是快速减小至最小、稳定增加、剧烈增加,这种关联的变化关系也说明用电阻率法来研究冻土强度及载荷下的变形问题是可行的。     

青藏铁路沿线活动断裂带对地质选线的影响

青藏铁路横穿了青藏高原上大量的活动断裂带.本文研究了青藏铁路沿线的29条活动断裂带分布规律和地质病害.通过分析崩塌、滑坡、泥石流地质病害特点和典型路段的地质选线,总结了断裂带地质选线的原则,主要包括:尽量在断裂带活动性较弱、宽度较窄的地段以垂直或高角度通过;尽量不设大中桥、高桥、隧道、高填深挖等难以修复的大型建筑物.事实证明,以上原则在绕避和通过活动断裂带时是正确可行的,可以在青藏线改建和其它铁路工程上借鉴运用.     

Estimating the size and travel distance of Klapperhorn Mountain debris flows for risk analysis along railway, Canada

Debris flows occurring on Klapperhorn Mountain in the Yellowhead Pass in the Canadian Rocky Mountains pose a significant hazard to railway operations at the base of the mountain. The size （volume） and travel distance of these debris flows play an important role in assessing the risk to the railway. GIS analysis, airphoto interpretation together with field work were undertaken on two debris flows located at track mileage 54.0 and 54.3. Characteristics of these two debris flow events were analyzed, including debris flow path morphology and event behavior. Their sizes and travel distances were estimated using an empirical-statistical model （UBCDFLOW） under different initiation conditions. Their potential impact on the railway bridge was evaluated using a bridge blockage ratio.     

Effect of unsupported sleepers on wheel/rail normal load

The paper reviews some important published papers on the effects of railway track imperfections on track dynamic behavior, and investigates the effect of unsupported sleepers on the normal load of wheel/rail in detail through a numerical simulation. The numerical simulation is based on a coupling dynamic model of vehicle–track. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system, and the track is considered as a 3-layer model with rails, sleepers, and ballast masses. Each rail of the track is modeled with a Timoshenko beam resting on discrete sleepers. The lateral, vertical, and torsional deformations of the beam are taken into account. The sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed, and therefore such a track model can consider the effect of the discrete support by sleepers on the coupling dynamic behavior of the vehicle and track in the simulation. In calculating the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, Hertzian contact theory and the theory by Shen et al. are, respectively, used to calculate the normal forces and the creep forces between the wheels and the rails. The motion equations of the vehicle–track are solved by means of an explicit integration method. A nonlinear spring and a nonlinear damper are used to simulate a gap between the unsupported sleeper and the ballast mass. The numerical results obtained indicate that the gaps between the unsupported sleepers and ballast masses have a great influence on the normal load of the wheel and the rail.     

The Shaking Table Test on the Performance of Cement-mixed Piles in Liquefiable Railway Foundations

Cement-mixed piles, as countermeasure against liquefaction of silt and sand ground, can improve the shear strength and bearing capacity of foundation soil, meaning cement-mixed piles are capable of resisting displacement when an earthquake happens. However, investigations of cement-mixed piles by experimental methods such as the shaking table test is few and far between. It is especially true for the seismic performance of cement-mixed piles in liquefiable railway foundations in high seismic intensity regions. To this end, a cross-section of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway was selected as the prototype and studied by the shaking table test in this study. The results showed that composite foundation of cement-mixed piles was not liquefied when the seismic acceleration was lower than 0.30g. In the process of acceleration increasing from 0.30g at 2Hz to 0.60g at 3Hz, the upper middle silt outside slope toe was partly liquefied. The foundation soil under the shoulders and center of subgrade was far from the initial liquefaction criterion during the test. Cement-mixed piles can effectively reduce the embankment settlement and differential settlement. It can be concluded that, the design of cement-mixed piles can ensure the seismic performance of the subgrade, and satisfy the seismic design requirements of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway in areas of VⅢ degrees seismic fortification intensity.     

长距离高铁对沿线城市旅游经济联系的空间影响及角色分析——以兰新高铁为例

在GIS技术支持下,基于旅游交通可达性视角,构建旅游经济联系模型,运用社会网络分析方法,确定沿线城市在旅游经济联系网络中的角色,结果表明：高铁时空压缩效应促使沿线城市旅游交通可达性和旅游经济联系普遍提升,但提升幅度具有空间差异性,廊道东侧城市优于西侧城市,各省区旅游经济基础较好城市优于基础较差城市;旅游网络结构日趋紧密,城市间旅游互动与合作逐渐频繁,区域旅游经济联系呈现协调发展趋势。深入剖析9个城市的网络角色对兰新廊道旅游空间发展模式提出相关建议：沿线地区应充分发挥乌鲁木齐、兰州核心城市的功能,同时利用酒泉次核心的集聚与扩散作用,发挥嘉峪关、张掖、西宁重要旅游目的地的承转作用,带动吐鲁番、海东、哈密等边缘城市,打造西北“旅游+高铁”丝绸之路黄金线。