边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统的开发与研究

提出了复杂形态块体几何建模的切割法, 在此基础上, 对石根华等人提出的块体理论作了改进和完善。并基于Windows操作平台, 开发了一套实用方便、实用的边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统。经大量的实例 (例如三峡工程船闸高边坡 )检验结果表明, 该系统可以作为对边坡中复杂形状块体稳定性进行现场快速评价的实用工具。     

The role of sedimentation rate and permeability in the slope stability of the formerly glaciated Norwegian continental margin: the Storegga slide model

Despite the gently dipping slopes (ca 1°), large-scale submarine slope failures have occurred on the mid-Norwegian continental margin (Storegga, Sklinnadjupet, Traenadjupet), suggesting the presence of special conditions predisposing to failure in this formerly glaciated margin. With a volume estimated between 2,400 and 3,200 km³ and an affected area of approximately 95,000 km², the Storegga slide represents one of the largest and best-studied submarine slides of Holocene age known worldwide. Finite element modeling of slope failure indicates that a large (6.5 < Ms < 7.0) seismic triggering mechanism would not be sufficient to cause failure at more than 110 m below the seabed as observed for the slip planes at Storegga (northern sidewall). This implies that other factors (e.g., liquefaction, strain softening, gas charging, rapid burial) are needed to explain the occurrence of the Storegga slide with a deep surface of failure. In this paper, we discuss the importance of the compaction effect of rapidly accumulated sediments in the slide area. During compaction, sediment grains reorganize themselves, thereby, expelling pore water. Consequently, depending on sedimentation rate and permeability, excess pore pressures might result beneath less permeable sediments. Our modeling and cross-checking illustrate how excess pore pressure generation due to high sedimentation rate could explain the development of layers of weakness, and thus, how such a large slide might have been initiated in deep sediments. Using the highest sedimentation rate estimated in the area (36 and 27 m/kyr between 16.2 and 15 kyr BP), 1D modeling shows excess pore pressure values of around 200 kPa at a depth of 100 m below the seafloor 15 kyr BP and 60 kPa at a depth of 100 m at the time of the slide (8 kyr BP). Excess pore pressure apparently drastically reduced the resistance of the sediment (incomplete consolidation). In addition, 2D modeling shows that permeability anisotropies can significantly affect the lateral extent of excess pore pressure dissipation, affecting, that way, normally consolidated sediments far from the excess pore pressure initiation area.     

船台滑道下含软弱层岸坡的空间稳定分析

芜湖江东船厂新建船台滑道位于有较厚软弱土层的岸坡上。本文采用三维有限元和刚体极限平衡理论结合的方法分析岸坡稳定, 对不同潜在滑动面进行探索, 求解最小安全系数及相应滑动面位置。分析结果已在施工实践中得到证实。     

Recent applications of sliding block theory to geotechnical design

The sliding block theory was proposed by Newmark for determining the permanent displacement of embankments and dams under earthquake loading. This paper highlights recent applications of sliding block theory to different geotechnical structures. The equations to determine seismic factor of safety, yield acceleration and permanent displacement are given for rock block, soil slope, landfill cover, geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall, and composite breakwater. The presented equations for seismic stability degenerate to that of static stability in the absence of earthquake. The permanent displacement for various structures can be obtained from that of a horizontal sliding block through a correction factor. A simplified procedure is included for the permanent displacement under vertical acceleration. The sliding block approach is rational for design under high seismic load.     

新疆天山夷平面形态特征浅析

天山广泛发育着三级夷平面,削平了古、中生代多期构造形态及褶皱岩层。天山夷平面是在古华力西褶皱山脉的基础上,在地壳相对稳定的条件下,经中生代,早第三纪的剥蚀夷平,于晚第三纪末至第四纪初新构造运动作用下,被抬升到不同高度,而后受第四纪以来新构造运动的不断作用及天山独特气候条件的影响,使夷平面在垂直方向或水平方向都存在着明显差异,表面发生了一系列变形。     

Natural hazards in British Columbia: an interdisciplinary and inter-institutional challenge

 Although British Columbia experiences many natural hazards, there is as yet no unified policy to promote natural hazard management in the province. The problem is not in the quantity and quality of geoscience assessment of natural hazards, but instead, it is suggested, in the isolation of that work from broader risk perspectives and in the lack of clarity of division of responsibilities between various levels of government. The example of recent changes in perception of the terrain stability problem illustrates how natural hazard problems are driven by social and political priorities rather than by geoscience priorities. Received: 22 November 1998 / Accepted: 22 November 1998     

龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育

通过详细的野外地质调查和精细的地震剖面构造解析。揭示了龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带的基本构造特征。对比分析了龙门山北段与南段构造变形几何学和运动学的差异。提出龙门山北段主要表现为一系列复杂的逆冲推覆构造,晚三叠纪变形强于新生代;龙门山南段则以基底卷入的叠瓦状冲断为特点,晚白垩纪-早第三纪变形尤为突出。与前陆褶皱冲断带相对应的是,川西晚三叠纪时期的周缘前陆盆地主要表现在整个龙门山褶皱冲断带的前渊地区;而晚白垩纪-早第三纪再生前陆盆地却局限在川西盆地的南部,并且印-藏碰撞的持续挤压作用使得晚新生代构造变形不断向东扩展进入川西盆地南部。     

Influence of rainfall on the deformation and stability of a slope in overconsolidated clays: a case study

The behaviour of an instrumented unstable slope in a profile of weathered overconsolidated clay has been analysed. Available field investigation data and laboratory tests were integrated in a coupled hydromechanical model of the slope. Particular attention was given to the unsaturated soil conditions above the water table and to the influence of the rainfall record. Recorded pore-water pressures helped to identify the hydrogeological conditions of the slope. The coupled model was used to compute slope deformations and the variation of safety with time. Actual rainfall records were also integrated into the analysis. Comparison of measurements and calculations illustrate the nature of the slope instability and the complex relationships between mechanical and hydraulic factors. Electronic Publication     

六盘山弧形构造带铜多金属矿床的成矿环境

六盘山弧形构造带位于青藏高原东北缘,自震旦-寒武纪以来,经历了“威尔逊旋回“构造演化。在陆内裂谷和板块俯冲阶段,成矿类型主要为海底火山块状硫化物型和与韧性剪切作用有关的构造蚀变岩型,而在碰撞造山和陆内造山阶段,成矿类型演变为与大型推覆体构造有关的似层状热液型,显示出不同构造演化阶段所反映的成矿环境不同。     

新疆-甘肃北山金矿南带的成矿流体演化和成矿机制

北山金矿南带是西北5省区规模最大的金矿带。选择北山南带的新金厂、老金厂和小西弓金矿床，在矿床地质和岩相学研究的基础上，对脉石英的流体包裹体进行了显微温度计和激光拉曼探针气体成分测定；对石英和矿石黄铁矿的包裹体H2O，CO2和CH4进行了H和C同位素组成测定，对石英和黄铁矿分别做了O和S同位素组成测定。3个金矿床的脉石英含有富CO2＋CH4、H2O溶液以及H2O-CO2＋CH4包裹体。小西弓金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于270℃-450℃，一部分H2O溶液包裹体圈闭了高盐度流体（16．43—18．63wt．％NaCl equiv．），大部分H2O溶液包裹体和全部富CO2＋CH。包裹体代表了中-低盐度（2．8％-13．6％）流体。新金厂金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于210℃-346℃；一部分流体包裹体圈闭了高盐度（10．98％～14％NaCl equiv．）流体，一部分H2O溶液包裹体和绝大多数富CO2＋CH4包裹体圈闭了中-低盐度（2．9％-8．81％NaCl equiv．）流体。老金厂金矿床H2O溶液包裹体的均一化温度主要分布于141℃-400℃，含盐度介于1．4％-8．28％，属于中-低盐度流体。进行了大气降水-围岩^18O／^16O、D／H交换反应模拟。小西弓矿床早期硫化物-石英脉金矿成矿流体对应较高的水／岩比（=0．01—0．05），其^18O／^16O和D／H组成更受钾长花岗岩者控制，硫化物的δ^34S值也接近钾长花岗岩的黄铁矿者，指示热液流体围绕着钾长花岗岩的对流淋滤。成矿晚期，围绕着花岗岩侵入体的热液对流崩溃，矿区围岩内发育更大尺度的彼此分离的弥漫性流体渗透淋滤；相应地，小西弓矿床晚期蚀变岩金矿成矿流体的8D值对应低水／岩比（0．005-≈0．01），其δ^18O值变化范围较宽，受当地中元古界变质岩控制，蚀变岩型金矿黄铁矿的δ^34S值也接近中元古界长英质片岩的黄铁矿者。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿成矿流体的δD值和δ^18O值对应的水／岩值分别介于0．004—0．01和0．007～0．02，与岩浆流体或者下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩和英安岩围岩具有更密切的关系。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿黄铁矿样品的δ^34S值介于-2．58‰和-6．32‰，指示S来源于下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩、英安岩和碳质板岩围岩。3个金矿的石英包裹体CO2（δ^13C=-2．20‰--9．14‰），以及石英和黄铁矿包裹体CH4（δ^13C=013．10‰--27．40‰）不平衡；前者来源于幔源岩浆去气，后者来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或者中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳。3个金矿黄铁矿包裹体的CO（δ^13C=-10．79‰--23．62‰）主要来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳，但是，也混合了较少的岩浆CO2。包裹体CO2和CH4δ^13C值的系统变化，也反映了从岩浆侵位和去气、流体对流，到围岩中流体大面积弥漫性渗透淋滤的演化过程。CH4介入成矿流体，导致流体不混溶和金的沉淀。北山金矿南带的形成既不同于典型的造山带型金矿床，也不同于与侵入岩有关的金矿床。我们提出北山金矿南带的成矿模式为：岩浆去气和流体对流、岩石挤压破碎、流体弥漫性渗透淋滤。