基于二级模糊综合评判的废弃采石场对景观的影响分析——以泰山风景区及周边采石场为例

以泰山为例,根据风景区内及周边废弃采石场分布现状,选取地理位置、规模、植被恢复程度作为评价因子,利用二级模糊综合评判模型,量化了各个采石场相关指标对景区景观影响程度,并最终得出综合评判结果,为进一步对废弃采石场进行处理提供依据。     

Implications of management strategies and vegetation change in the Mount St. Helens blast zone

The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens provided an excellent opportunity for scientists to investigate the recovery of vegetation communities following a major geologic disturbance. An important and often overlooked aspect in these studies is the human factor in recovery processes, and specifically, the different management approaches taken towards re-establishment of vegetation on lands under the control of various owners. This study examines vegetation changes throughout the 1980 blast zone using a time series of Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images and change detection methods to assess the changes over 25 years, from 1980 to 2005, as a function of human management combined with ecological factors. This long-term tracking of change indicates that differences in the speed of vegetation re-establishment and consequent rates of change substantially reflect human involvement and varying management strategies.     

玉龙雪山周边典型河流雨季水化学特征分析

2009 年5~10 月在玉龙雪山周边典型小流域白水河、三束河、哥吉河采集河水样品,水化学分析结果表明,三条河流河水均呈现弱碱性,主要离子组成表现为富集Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-+SO₄^2-,且以Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为主,各类离子存在显著季节变化。离子来源分析表明,玉龙雪山周边小流域河水雨季主要受降水和岩石风化影响,大气降水对河水主要常规离子Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-的贡献率为分别为23.44%,9.66%,3.10%,17.81%,10.48%。研究区碳酸盐岩的风化产物是河水离子组成的主要控制因素。     

1982-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被指数变化

植被指数是指示植被变化的重要指标, 本研究基于1982-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区(简称珠峰地区)植被指数(NDVI)时间序列数据、土地覆被和野外调查等数据, 采用时序变化趋势和空间分析法, 对珠穆朗玛峰地区植被的时空变化过程及保护区成效进行了定量分析。研究表明:①珠峰地区NDVI分布的总特征是南部和北部高, 中部低。②1982-2009 年珠峰地区NDVI年际变化趋势和空间异质性十分明显:1982-1997 年, 珠峰地区NDVI总体上呈显著上升趋势, 北部地区增幅较大;1998-2009 年, NDVI总体下降(56.96%的NDVI呈下降趋势), 其中, 珠峰地区中部和北部的NDVI下降最为明显, 而南部核心保护区森林和灌丛的NDVI则呈显著上升趋势, 且变化幅度较大。③长时间序列植被指数变化的过程和空间差异性推断:1998 年以来, 天然林保护等生态工程促使珠峰地区保护效果更加明显。     

玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土CT扫描试验研究

冰碛土是冰川行进融化过程中漂石、碎石、砂砾、粉土和黏土在毫无分选的条件下快速混杂堆积生成的一种特殊岩土材料,由其引发的工程问题日益受到岩土工程界关注。砾石颗粒细观组构是冰碛土独特沉积历史的反映,直接影响土体的岩土力学性质,但迫于原状冰碛土样极难取得,岩土工程领域迄今罕有研究。对此,采用人工精细切削的方式,成功取得了玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土样,并对取回的6块冰碛土原状样进行了CT扫描,首次获得了冰碛土内部真实细观组构图像。借助Matlab对CT图片进行二值化和消噪处理后,运用常规统计方法对冰碛土内砾石颗粒的面含石量、颗粒定向以及颗粒形状等剖面组构指标进行了描述。结果表明,垂直剖面之间的统计数据差异较小,但垂直剖面与水平剖面之间差异较大。     

A workflow for exploration sampling in regolith-dominated terranes using portable X-ray fluorescence: comparison with laboratory data and a case study

This paper presents and validates a workflow that provides for the rapid collection of reliable and robust portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) data in a regolith-dominated exploration setting. The analysis of regolith material by pXRF is challenging because of its variable Fe content (e.g. 0 to >70 wt%) that results in large matrix effects, which can be mitigated with appropriate standards. Here, we present a dataset from the Western Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, Australia, comprising soil, lag, rock and rotary air blast (RAB) samples. In the soil dataset, comparison of the laboratory and pXRF datasets for Cu, Pb and Zn have R² > 0.9, and Cu and Zn fall within 2% of the laboratory data, while Pb is 77% less than the corresponding laboratory analyses. Iron, Al, K and Ca by pXRF perform reasonably well when compared with the laboratory data (R² = 0.59 for Al, R² > 0.9 for Fe, K and Ca, <25% variation from the laboratory data), while Mn, Rb and Sr have very good correlations (<8% variation) with R² > 0.94. Titanium, Zr, Ni, Cr and As have poorer comparisons. Overall, the RAB dataset shows similar trends with Cu overestimated by 17%, Zn underestimated by 4% and Pb overestimated by 69%; R² for all elements is >0.92. Since no suitable standards are available, the solid rock dataset was uncorrected; despite this limitation, the dataset shows good correlations with the laboratory data for many elements, and Cu is overestimated by 9.8% with an R² = 0.87. The poor analytical performance of Pb in all datasets is associated with erroneous Bi concentrations being reported by the pXRF unit. When high Fe and Pb amounts are present in a sample, erroneous Pb and Bi concentrations are reported, owing to a pile-up of the Fe K_α peak (6.405 keV) at ～12.8 keV, which is proximal to the Pb L_β (12.614 keV) and Bi L_β (13.023 keV) peaks. Despite the care that is required in validating data, by using pXRF there is substantial opportunity for dynamic exploration campaigns in regolith-dominated terranes with rapid turnaround times, additional elements that may not otherwise be analysed for and low analytical costs. Decisions to stop, continue or infill drill holes while the drill rig is present can be made in near-real time, and not after laboratory results are available and the drill rig has left the area.     

庐山森林景观美学质量与景观格局指数的关系

森林景观美学价值和生态可持续价值是森林景观系统中两种主要的价值。采集一系列典型森林景观照片,将这些景观照片对公众进行审美评价,并判别他们的景观生态特征,最后进行景观美学质量与景观格局指数之间相互关系的研究。本文得出了以下主要结论:(1)美景度值(SBE值)与景观组分指数中的水域所占面积比存在很强的正相关(r=0.472,P<0.01),与自然性指数也有较强的正相关(r=0.368,P<0.05);而与建筑所占面积比存在很强的负相关(r=-0.422,P<0.01)。(2)SBE值与景观格局指数中的斑块密度(r=-0.489,P<0.01)存在显著的负相关,而与边界密度(r=0.481,P<0.01)、多样性指数(r=0.602,P<0.01)存在显著的正相关。(3)SBE值与开放性指数、最大斑块面积比和形状指数之间并没有显著的相关性。     

西藏玉龙斑岩铜钼矿辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年及其成矿学意义

玉龙铜钼矿床是金沙江—红河斑岩铜矿带北部的一个超大型铜钼矿,也是我国目前最大的几个铜矿之一。玉龙铜矿曾经作为我国新生代最典型的斑岩铜矿,在西南三江及冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的地质找矿工作中起到了典型示范作用;但与其成矿作用有关的科学问题还尚待进行深入研究,精确的成矿时代及其成矿演化历史就是其中主要课题之一。文章对采自矿区钻孔的5件辉钼矿样品进行铼-锇同位素定年,得到的等时线年龄为(41.6±1.4)Ma。5件样品的模式年龄表明,玉龙超大型铜钼矿床成矿作用的时间跨度约为1.5Ma,说明成矿作用是在较短时期内完成,反映了独特的成矿背景和成矿机制;成矿时代也表明玉龙铜钼矿形成于早喜马拉雅阶段变形变质造山高峰期与中喜马拉雅阶段变形变质造山高峰期之间,反映了独特的成矿背景和成矿机制。     

Vampire rock avalanches of January 2008 and 2003, Southern Alps, New Zealand

Rock avalanches fell from Vampire (2,645 m) Peak in the Southern Alps of New Zealand during January 2008. There were no direct witnesses, casualties or damage to infrastructure. Field observations indicate about 150,000 m³ (±50,000) of indurated greywacke collapsed retrogressively from a 73° slope between 2,380 and 2,520 m. Debris fell 800 m down Vampire’s south face and out 1.7 km across Mueller Glacier, with a 27.5° angle of reach. The resulting 300,000 m² avalanche deposit contains three distinct lobes. The national seismograph network recorded two pulses of avalanche-type shaking, equivalent in amplitude to a M _L 2.4 tectonic earthquake, for 60 s on Monday 7 January at 2349 hours (NZDT); then 45 s of shaking at M _L 2.5 on Sunday 13 January at 0923 hours (NZDT). Deposit lobes are inferred to relate directly with shaking episodes. The avalanche fell across the debris from an older avalanche, which was also unwitnessed and fell from a different source on Vampire’s south face between February and November 2003. The 2003 avalanche involved 120,000 m³ (±40,000) of interlayered sandstone and mudstone which collapsed from a 65° slope between 2,440 and 2,560 m, then fell 890 m down across Mueller Glacier at a 24° angle of reach. Prolonged above-freezing temperatures were recorded during January 2008, but no direct trigger has been identified. The event appears to be a spontaneous, gravitationally induced, stress failure.     

U-series disequilibrium in arc magmas induced by water-magma interaction

Volcanic rocks from subduction zones are widely believed to originate by partial melting of mantle lherzolite modified by the addition of a fluid or melt extracted from the down-going slab. U-series disequilibrium in such magmas is commonly attributed to this particular melting process. A detailed study of U-series isotopes in the 650 y. B.P. eruptive sequence of Mt. Pelée (Martinique) shows that plinian products are in radioactive equilibrium, whereas dome-forming products of the same eruption are characterized by ²³⁸U-²³⁰Th disequilibrium. The same features apply to other plinian and dome-forming products of this volcano and systematically correspond to different eruptive styles. We attribute these characteristics to variable superficial interaction of magmas with the hydrothermal system during the final stages of eruption rather than to deep magma genesis processes. This conclusion might be generally applicable to arc magmas.