Millennial‐scale stratigraphy of a tide‐dominated incised valley during the last 14 kyr: Spatial and quantitative reconstruction in the Tokyo Lowland,central Japan

Spatial and quantitative analysis of infilling processes of the tide‐dominated incised valleys beneath the Tokyo Lowland during the last 14 kyr was undertaken by using data from 18 sediment cores, 467 radiocarbon dates and 6100 borehole logs. The post‐Last Glacial Maximum valley fills consist of braided river, meandering river, estuary, spit and delta systems in ascending order. The boundary between the estuary and delta systems is regarded as the maximum flooding surface. The maximum flooding surface beneath the Tokyo Lowland is dated at 8 ka in the Arakawa Valley and 7 ka in the Nakagawa Valley. This age difference is due to the migration of the Tone River from the Arakawa Valley to the Nakagawa Valley at 5 ka, and suggests that the widely held view that the global initiation of deltas coincided with the abrupt rise of sea‐level at 9 to 8 ka is true only where there has been steady sediment supply from major rivers. The meandering river system is dominated by sheet‐like sands that were deposited during lateral migration of channels during the Younger Dryas and isolated vertical sands within muds that reflect vertical aggradation of channels before and after the Younger Dryas. The transition between these channel geometries is controlled by a threshold sea‐level rise of 4 to 7 mm yr^?1. Before migration of the Tone River at 5 ka, the tide‐dominated bay in the Nakagawa Valley was filled by upward‐fining laterally accreting muds. The muds accreted from the margin to the axis of the bay. Such lateral accretion of suspended particles derived from outside the bay has been documented in other tide‐dominated coastal environments and is probably common in other similar settings. After the migration of the Tone River, the bay was filled by upward‐coarsening deltaic sediments.     

气候异常对2007年度许昌小麦生产的影响

分析了2007年度气候异常引起的农业气象灾害和病虫害及其对小麦生育的影响，并提出了应对气候异常对许昌小麦生产影响的对策。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代构造事件的峰值年龄及其沉积响应

通过锆石-磷灰石裂变径迹的峰值年龄与地层不整合事件的综合分析,提供了鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代构造事件的年代学约束及其沉积响应特点。印支期构造事件主要发生在230~190Ma,包含215Ma±和195Ma±两个峰值年龄,在盆地西南缘发育晚3叠世粗碎屑类磨拉石建造。燕山期构造事件主要发生在燕山中晚期的150~85Ma,包含145Ma±、120Ma±和95Ma±3个峰值年龄,在盆地西南缘发育燕山中期的芬芳河组和志丹群的粗碎屑类磨拉石建造。喜山期构造事件主要发生在65~5Ma,包含55Ma±、25Ma±和5Ma±3个峰值年龄。其中,锆石和磷灰石叠合分布的峰值年龄(145Ma±),指示了鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代的一次关键性构造变革事件。     

松辽盆地宋芳屯油田扶杨油层储层成岩作用研究

宋芳屯油田扶杨油层储集岩主要为混合砂岩,泥质含量高、钙质胶结物含量较高。对储层的成岩序列进行了研究,储层大部分进入早成岩阶段B期和晚成岩阶段A期;主要的成岩事件有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用等;压实作用是使孔隙降低的主要原因,钙质胶结物存在使孔隙空间进一步降低,骨架颗粒的溶蚀作用增加孔隙空间;扶杨油层储层敏感性主要有水敏、速敏和酸敏。     

2019 年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2019年全球主要温室气体浓度继续保持上升趋势,全球平均温度比工业化前水平高1.1（±0.1）℃,为有气象记录以来第二暖年。海洋热容量及海平面高度创新高,海冰面积偏小。年内,全球各地发生了许多重大天气气候事件,包括多地遭遇暴雨洪涝侵袭,澳大利亚以及亚洲和欧洲多国受干旱影响,全球极端热带气旋频发,欧洲及澳大利亚等地遭遇异常高温热浪天气,北美和欧洲遭受寒流和暴风雪袭击,多地出现强对流天气。分析表明,印度洋偶极子（IOD）处于正位相、赤道中太平洋地区海温持续偏暖以及副热带高压系统控制是澳大利亚高温少雨的主要原因,最终引发严重的森林山火;前期异常偏强的IOD正位相叠加持续时间异常偏长的热带低压,促进了2019年印度7—8月强暴雨事件的发生发展。     

Event in the case of a single reservoir: the Ghèzala dam in Northern Tunisia

The paper focuses on the development of reservoir operating rules for dry and rainfall events, and their implementation in the case of the Ghézala dam located in northern Tunisia (characterized by Mediterranean climate). Rainfall events are defined in terms of depth and duration that are correlated to each other. A depth analysis per event is performed, conditioned on the event duration. The gamma distribution provides a good fit to depth per event, especially for events lasting at least 6 days. The event duration fits a geometric distribution, whereas the dry events during the rainy season fit a negative binomial distribution. The climatic cycle length is fitted to a gamma distribution. On this basis, many 50-year synthetic event series were generated. Every synthetic streamflow sequence obtained from synthetic rainfall sequences as well as the one derived from the historic rainfall events time series were optimized and optimal decisions were formulated. These decisions were assessed by means of multiple regression analysis to estimate the relation between the optimal decision to every stage (dry or rainfall event) and other system variables. Optimal rules, which have a linear form, were derived by predetermined useful storage interval and depend on storage, inflows and downstream demand at dry or rainfall event t. The range of t is 1–13 days (rainfall event) and 1–57 days (dry event). The rules were satisfactory for every predetermined useful storage interval. The simulated dam performance generated by the operation rules was compared with the deterministic optimum operation and the historical operation. Also included is the comparison of the implicit stochastic optimization-based operation policy per event during the water years 1985–2002.

商丘市极端天气气候事件变化趋势

利用1961~2004年逐日气象资料,分析了商丘市近44年来极端天气气候事件的变化趋势。结果表明:近44年来,商丘市暴雨、大暴雨和达到极端干旱标准的总天数都存在增加的趋势,但是这种趋势在统计上并不显著。极端高温事件年发生频率增加而极端低温事件发生频率减少;季节变化以冬、夏两季最为明显,其中冬季极端高温事件增加而极端低温事件减少,变化趋势都通过了99%的显著性水平检验;夏季与冬季变化趋势相反,其中极端高温事件显著减少,通过95%的显著性水平检验。寒冷期长度和炎热期长度都显著减少,分别通过99%和95%的显著性水平检验。     

大陆地幔交代作用:地台活化的先驱事件?

地幔交代作用已得到幔源岩石地球化学研究的证实,并已广泛地用于解释上地幔的不均一性、地幔地球化学演化和幔源碱性岩浆的成因问题。本文通过分析国内外某些典型地洼区(中国滇西、华北;西德莱茵地堑;东非裂谷;澳大利亚东部;法国中央地块)幔源岩石的微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素资料,发现这些地洼区在地台阶段向地洼阶段转化过程中,上地幔化学结构由亏损状态向富集状态转化。上地幔的化学结构的这种转化主要由地幔交代作用所造成。同位素体系计时结果表明地幔交代作用是导致地台活化的先驱事件。地幔交代作用不仅改变了上地幔的化学结构,而且导致交代地幔热流升高、密度减小、体积膨大、固相线下降。所有这些效应加剧了地幔的蠕动和向地壳的热量释放,并产生地台的活化。     

山东及邻区晚石炭世—早二叠世火山事件沉积及地层对比

作者对山东及邻区本溪组及太原组进行了详细的室内外研究,共发现了6期10次火山事件沉积,它们在时空分布上有一定规律。火山碎屑可能来自华北地台以北及以南两个不同的火山源,而火山源的岩浆可能来自下地壳。在前人的生物地层研究基础上,以遍布全区的火山事件层作为大区域等时地层对比标志,并结合最大海侵事件层,对研究区内本溪组及太原组地层提出了新的对比方案。     

Late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake highstands in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA

Shoreline geomorphology, shoreline stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of organic material incorporated in constructional beach ridges record large lakes during the late Pleistocene and late Holocene in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. During the late Holocene, a transgression began at or after 3595 ± 35 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and continued, perhaps in pulses, through 2635 ± 40 ¹⁴C yr B.P., resulting in a lake as high as 1199 m. During the latest Pleistocene and overlapping with the earliest part of the Younger Dryas interval, a lake stood at approximately 1212 m at 10,820 ± 35 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and a geomorphically and stratigraphically distinct suite of constructional shorelines associated with this lake can be traced to 1230 m. These two lake highstands correspond to periods of elevated regional wetness in the western Basin and Range that are not clearly represented in existing northern Sierra Nevada climate proxy records.