Geochemical studies of pore fluid in surface sediment on the Daini Atsumi Knoll

We collected sediment samples and pore water samples from the surface sediment on the Daini Atsumi Knoll, and analyzed the sediments for CH₄, C₂H₆, and δ¹³C_CH4, and the pore fluids for CH₄, C₂H₆, δ¹³C_CH4, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, δ¹⁸O_H2O, and δD_H2O, respectively. A comparison of the measured concentration and isotopic composition of methane in pore water samples with those in sediment samples revealed that methane was present in the sediment samples at a higher concentration and was isotopically heavier than those in the pore water samples. It suggests that the effect of the release of a sorbed gas bound to organic particles when heated prior to analysis of hydrocarbons was larger than that of the degassing process. A large amount of a sorbed gas would be a significant source of natural gas. Two striking features are the chemical and isotopic composition of the pore water samples taken from the different sites around the Daini Atsumi Knoll. In the KL09, KL10, and KP07 samples, Cl⁻ concentrations in the pore water samples showed depletion to a minimum of 460 mmol/kg, correspond to  17% dilution of seawater, however the latter was not enriched in CH₄. The isotopic compositions of pore water samples suggested the low-Cl⁻ fluids in the pore water were not derived from dissociation of methane hydrate, but were derived from input of meteoric water. In contrast, in the KP05 samples from the north flank of the Daini Atsumi Knoll, pore water were characterized by CH₄ enrichment more than 370 μmol/kg, but not depleted in Cl⁻ concentrations. The observed methane concentration in the KP05 samples is not sufficient for methane hydrate to form in situ, indicating that the existence of methane hydrate in the surface sediment is negligible, as supported by Cl⁻ concentration. Based on the stable carbon isotope ratio of methane in the pore fluid from the KP05 site (δ¹³C_CH4 < − 50‰PDB), methane is thought to be of microbial origin. The pore waters in the surface sediments in the north flank of the Daini Atsumi Knoll were not directly influenced by upward fluid bearing methane of thermogenic origin from a deeper part of the sedimentary layer. However, extremely high methane concentration in the north flank site as compared with the concentration of pore water taken from the normal seafloor suggests that the north flank site is not the normal seafloor. We hypothesize that upward migration of chemically-reduced fluids from a deeper zone of the sedimentary layer reduces chemically-oxidized solutes in the surface sediment. As a consequence methane production replaced sulfate reduction as the microbial metabolism in the reduced environment of the surface sediment.     

Distribution Patterns of Ag in Hydrothermal Precipitates from the Okinawa Trough

The Okinawa Trough is characterized by enrichment of Ag in hydrothermal precipitates; however, the distribution of this enrichment remains poorly constrained. This study presents the results of a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and electron-microprobe analysis based mineralogical and geochemical investigation of the spatial distribution of Ag within Ag-rich sulfide samples from the Okinawa Trough. The tetrahedrite, covellite, and galena in these samples contain high concentrations of Ag(average values of 1.60, 0.78, and 0.23 wt%, respectively) and also various Ag sulfosalts. Examination of the Ag budget of these samples indicates that most of the Ag is hosted by tetrahedrite followed by galena. The Ag within tetrahedrite is incorporated by substitution into the Cu site, whereas galena becomes Ag-enriched by the coupled incorporation of monovalent Ag, Tl, and Cu, and trivalent Sb and Bi into Pb lattice sites. Tetrahedrite and galena containing higher concentrations of Sb favor increased Ag substitution. Four sets of Ag host minerals are identified with distinct ore formation temperatures. Tetrahedrite and galena concentrate the majority of Ag at medium temperatures(150–300°C). Other Ag host minerals concentrate only minor or trace amounts of Ag, including massive sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite at high temperatures(300°C), colloform pyrite and sphalerite at low temperatures(150°C), and Ag-sulfosalts at even lower temperatures(100°C).     

非晶态磷酸锡去除高盐介质中Pb（Ⅱ）研究

利用合成的非晶态磷酸锡作为吸附剂, 研究了多种因素（pH、吸附时间、初始浓度、温度、离子强度）对吸附剂吸附水溶液中Pb2＋的影响。结果表明, 非晶态磷酸锡对Pb2＋的吸附量随着pH（3～6）以及吸附时间的增大而增加。用Freundlich、Langmuir 模型对等温吸附数据进行处理, Langmuir 方程拟合效果最...     

Henry's law and the behavior of weak acids and bases in fog and cloud

Experimental data from two field experiments on ground based clouds were used to study the distribution of formic acid, acetic acid, ammonia and S(IV) species between liquid and gas phase. The ratio of the concentrations of these compounds between the phases during concurrent measurements was compared to ratios expected according to Henry's law (considering the pH influence). Large discrepancies of several orders of magnitude were seen. Three hypotheses have been investigated to explain the observed discrepancies: The existence of a microscale equilibrium which does not persist in a bulk sample, a thermodynamic shift of the equilibrium due to competing reactions, and nonequilibrium conditions due to mass transfer limitations. Approximate quantitative calculations show that none of these hypotheses is sufficient to explain all of the discrepancies, so a combination of different effects seems to be responsible for this observation. The same theoretical considerations also suggest that mass transfer limitation may be an important factor for highly soluble compounds. The data presented here indicates that it is not possible to simply extrapolate interstitial gas phase composition from measured bulk liquid phase concentrations of a fog or cloud.Notation [r _max] liquid phase molar uptake rate (mol l^–1 s^–1) - [A _g ] concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) - [A _l ] concentration ofA in liquid phase (mol l^–1) - [A _g , 0] concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) at time 0 - LWC liquid water content (g m^–3) - R universal gas constant (0.082 l atm mol^–1 K^–1 - D _g diffusivity (for all gases 0.1 cm² s^–1 was used) - K _H ^* effective Henry's law coefficient (mol l^–1 atm^–1) - t _f lifetime of fog droplet (s) - a droplet radius (cm) - accommodation coefficient - R factor of discrepancy - T temperature (K) - v mean molecular speed (cm s^–1) formic acid: 35 000 acetic acid: 31 000 ammonia: 58 000     

流域产流事件模型及其应用

本文流域产流的主要环节，以流域下渗容量分配曲线与产流过程的关系为依据，吸收斯坦福流域水文模型的合理结构，并与常规的前期影响雨量算法结合起来，建立产流事件模型。模型在汉江支流丹江和洵河两个流域应用，其产流合格率达８０％以上，经验表明，此模型简便易行，使用效果好，值得研究推广。     

Andromeda IV,a solitary gas‐rich dwarf galaxy

Observations are presented of the isolated dwarf irregular galaxy And IV made with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in the 21 cm HI line. We determine the galaxy distance of 7.17 ± 0.31 Mpc using the Tip of Red Giant Branch method. The galaxy has a total blue absolute magnitude of –12.81 mag, linear Holmberg diameter of 1.88 kpc, and an HI ‐disk extending to 8.4 times the optical Holmberg radius. The HI massto‐blue luminosity ratio for And IV amounts 12.9 M_⊙/L_⊙. From the GMRT data we derive the rotation curve for the HI and fit it with different mass models. We find that the data are significantly better fit with an iso‐thermal dark matter halo, than by an NFW halo. We also find that MOND rotation curve provides a very poor fit to the data. The fact that the isothermal dark matter halo provides the best fit to the data supports models in which star formation feedback results in the formation of a dark matter core in dwarf galaxies. The total mass‐to‐blue luminosity ratio of 162 M_⊙/L_⊙ makes And IV among the darkest dIrr galaxies known. However, its baryonic‐to‐dark mass ratio (M_gas + M *)/M_T = 0.11 is close to the average cosmic baryon fraction of 0.15. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

SEDIS IV型短周期自浮式海底地震仪数据校正方法

利用15台SEDISIV型短周期自浮式海底地震仪在南海中、北部地壳深部结构调查中所获得的资料,探讨了海底地震仪数据校正的方法和校正后的效果,结果表明:使用该地震仪所获得的原始资料经过放炮时间、炮点坐标数据局部化、海底地震仪位置误差以及记录时间漂移4方面的校正后,数据更趋合理,误差显著降低。放炮时间的校正消除了时钟漂移和时间延迟的误差;炮点坐标数据局部化处理消除了炮点位置整体趋势性偏移的现象;试错法进行位置误差和记录时间的精细校正时,时间漂移的校正量值约为几个到十几个毫秒,位置校正的量值仅在几米到数百米之间,实测数据所绘曲线的形态和位置都与理论曲线十分吻合,可见校正后误差显著降低。     

The occurrence of bisulfite-aldehyde addition products in fog- and cloudwater

Elevated concentrations of S(IV) and formaldehyde were observed in fog- and cloudwater at sites in California. The highest concentrations (up to 3 mM S(IV) and 0.7 mM CH₂O) were measured at Bakersfield, during a prolonged period of repeated fog. In Bakersfield [S(IV)] generally exceeded [CH₂O], while in the Los Angeles area the reverse was observed. The lowest concentrations of both species were observed at marine and high altitude sites away from local emissions. Equilibrium computations indicate that high concentrations of S(IV) cannot be achieved without the formation of S(IV)-RCHO adducts.     

地下水开采引起的次压缩对隧道长期沉降的影响

软土地区盾构隧道建成后往往伴随有明显的长期沉降,较大的隧道沉降会严重影响地铁系统的运营及安全。然而,目前对于软土地区隧道长期沉降机制的认识尚不明确。以上海地区地铁盾构隧道1999－2007年间的隧道沉降为例,通过室内试验及现场监测对引起隧道长期沉降的因素,特别对地下水开采引起的软土及砂土层次压缩进行了研究。结果表明,第4含水砂层具有明显的次压缩特性,抽取地下水引起的第4含水层的压缩,特别是其次压缩变形,是引起隧道长期沉降的主要原因之一。因此,严格控制该承压含水层地下水开采是目前缓解上海地铁隧道长期沉降的主要措施。     

用计算机技术实现MarkIV解码

从硬件实现和软件实现的角度介绍了如何利用计算机技术实现MarkIV解码。利用它可对MarkIV记录设备输出的数据进行质量分析并提取相位校正信号 ,检测VLBI观测设备的工作状态 ,消除设备对MarkIV记录数据的影响。