Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount

Spatial distribution, diversity, and composition of bacterial communities within the shallow sub-seafloor at the deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Western Pacific Ocean, were investigated. Fluids were sampled from four boreholes in this area. Each borehole was located near or away from active vents, the distance ranging 2–40 m from active vents. In addition, fluids discharging from a natural vent and ambient seawater were sampled in this area. We extracted DNA from each sample, amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR, cloned the PCR products and sequenced. The total number of clones analyzed was 348. Most of the detected phylotypes were affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria, of which the detection frequency in each clone library ranged from 84.6% to 100%. The bacterial community diversity and composition were different between hydrothermal fluids and seawater, between fluids from the boreholes and the vent, and even among fluids from each borehole. The relative abundances of the phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira, Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly different among fluids from each borehole. The phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira and Alcanivorax were detected in all of the boreholes and vent samples. Our findings provide insights into bacterial communities in the shallow sub-seafloor environments at active deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields.     

义敦岛弧晚白垩世斑岩成矿系统

义敦岛弧晚白垩世花岗(斑)岩及其相关成矿系统发育,呈南北向展布,且由北向南呈规律性变化,形成北段昌台弧、中段乡城弧和南段中甸弧3个子系统:(1)北段昌台弧发育97~93Ma的斑状二长花岗岩岩基和矽卡岩型锡矿床,岩体侵位于乡城-格咱断裂与甘孜-理塘断裂的交汇地带,表现了较宽的主量元素变化范围,属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄质的过铝质系列,稀土配分模式较平坦、具有负Eu异常,锡矿化多发育于岩体与上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩的接触带上;(2)中段乡城弧乡城-格咱断裂两侧发育大量85~77Ma的花岗(斑)岩及斑岩-矽卡岩型Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag多金属矿床,主体岩相为斑状黑云二长花岗岩,是碱性、分异程度高的酸性岩,具典型钾质演化系列,多金属矿化主要发生在岩体与上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩和变质碎屑岩接触带中,从花岗岩向外为Sn→Pb-Zn,垂向上由深部到浅部依次为含Sn磁铁矿→Sn→Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag;(3)南段中甸弧发育呈岩株出露的88~78Ma的二长花岗斑岩及斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-W多金属矿床,休瓦促和热林花岗斑岩体侵入上三叠统喇嘛亚组、拉纳山组砂板岩中,主要发育蚀变花岗岩型和热液石英脉型矿体;红山花岗斑岩体侵入上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩和变质碎屑岩中,主要发育矽卡岩型矿体。斑岩体中发育角闪石斑晶,铝饱和指数小于1.1,Zr、P与SiO 2呈显著负相关,具有I型花岗岩特征。与晚三叠世同俯冲的弧花岗岩相比,晚白垩世花岗(斑)岩明显偏酸性(SiO 2含量范围为65.06%~76.30%)、富碱质(K2O+Na2O含量范围为6.55%~10.77%)和铝饱和(A/CNK=0.72~1.13);岩浆源区深度变浅,且花岗(斑)岩源区从昌台弧(Eu/Eu*=0.20~0.66,εNd(t)=-6.90~-5.30,εHf(t)=-0.6~1.9)→乡城弧(Eu/Eu*=0.04~0.18,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7110~0.7250,εNd(t)=-8.40~-5.54)→中甸弧(Eu/Eu*=0.14~0.88,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7075~0.7092,εNd(t)=-8.50~-5.76,εHf(t)=-9.5~-2.2)呈现由中-酸性变沉积地壳到中-基性地壳的变化趋势。这表明义敦岛弧由北向南成矿系统多样性的变化可能与晚白垩世花岗质岩浆的源区有关,即控制花岗岩氧逸度的主要因素是源区性质,岩浆型地壳通常形成氧化型花岗岩及相关的Cu、Mo成矿系统;而沉积型地壳形成还原型花岗岩及相关的Sn、W、Pb、Zn成矿系统。     

缅甸弧及邻区的壳幔S波速度结构与动力学过程

用适配滤波频时分析技术处理了锡龙（SHIO）、清迈（CHTO）、昆明（KMI）和拉萨LSA）台记录的长周期数字化面波记录,获取了穿过缅甸弧及周边地区的530条路径的Rayleigh波频散,这些频散的周期范围为10.45～105.03 s.在此基础上,以分格频散反演方法从混合路径频散中提取了1°×1°网格内的纯路径频散,并且由网格内的纯路径频散反演出深达200 km的S波速度结构,最后重建了缅甸弧及周边地区的S波速度三维结构.所得结果表明：大致以实皆断裂为分界,其东部地壳波速较低,其西部地壳波速较高.印度-缅甸地区岩石圈厚度为110～130 km,上地幔顶部S波速度为43～4.4 km/s;而缅甸弧东侧的滇缅泰地块下方为一低速地幔柱上涌区,其宽度为150～200 km左右,这里的岩石圈厚度为70～80 km,上地幔顶部S波速度为41～4.2 km/s.另外,S波速度结构还反映出这一构造格局呈南北向的空间展布,并且与该区地震震源分布、断裂走向、火山分布有很好的对应关系.     

高镁安山岩及其地球动力学意义

高镁安山岩是当前国际地质研究的一个热点之一。本文重点介绍了高镁安山岩的分类、成因、成矿和地球动力学意义。高镁安山岩主要包括高镁埃达克岩、巴哈岩、赞岐岩和玻安岩等四类。高镁安山岩的成分复杂,可以包含地幔源区组分,以及俯冲大洋板片(玄武质洋壳或洋壳沉积物)或俯冲陆壳沉积物熔体或流体组分,有时也可能包含拆沉下地壳熔体组分。高镁安山岩可以通过地幔橄榄岩的直接熔融形成,也可通过熔体与地幔的相互作用形成。高镁安山岩的形成环境特殊：除青藏高原中部的一些新生代高镁安山岩外,几乎所有其它新生代的高镁安山岩都形成在会聚板块边界,且大都与年轻的、热的洋壳或洋脊的俯冲有关。高镁安山岩对揭示大陆地壳的形成以及金属矿化方面都有非常重要的意义。最后,对当前高镁安山岩的研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

川西农都柯火山岩型低温热液Au-Ag多金属矿床的特征与成因

农都柯矿床是在义敦岛弧带中首次发现的火山岩型浅成低温Au-Ag多金属矿床。该矿床产于弧后扩张分别地的勉戈组流纹岩中，受韧性剪切带控制，矿床中发育一套典型的低温热液矿物组合，包括辉锑铅矿、辉锑银铅矿、辉锑矿、砷黝铜矿、自然金、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、雌黄、雄黄、登红石（HgO)等。蚀变作用以硅化和绢云母化为主，伴生重晶石化和蒙脱石化。按照现行的火山岩型低温热液金－银矿床的分类原则，该矿床应属于高硫的酸性硫酸盐型。流体包裹体研究表明，主要成矿过程发生在221－130℃之间；成矿流体的温度与盐度演化趋势暗示着对矿床之下存在一隐伏岩浆房。硫、铅同位素显示成矿物质主要来自弧后火山岩，矿床是岩浆热液与大气降水对含矿火山岩（矿源层）联合作用的结果。     

三江地区义敦岛弧安山岩成因

义敦岛弧是一个发育于张性薄陆壳基底上的三叠纪岛弧,以发育岛弧裂谷和成对的火山弧为特征。弧火山岩主要为钙碱性火山岩系,以安山岩为主,其岩石组合为玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩。岩相学、地球化学、相平衡及定量模型计算均证实,分离结晶作用是产生钙碱性火山岩系的主导作用,安山岩是钙碱性玄武岩浆在不同压力条件下发生多阶段分离结晶的产物。岩浆演化具有相对封闭系统特征。玄武岩浆在较大压力条件下发生Ol+Cpx+Pl±Mt±Ap结晶(F=0.46)后,派生岩浆发生Hb+Cpx+Pl+Mt结晶分离(F=0.25),产生安山岩浆。该岩浆可能在较低压力下再次发生结晶分异,从而派生出英安岩。角闪石在相对较高的压力条件下的大量结晶是安山岩形成的主要原因。     

甘孜-理塘蛇绿混杂岩带晚三叠世构造演化——来自理塘地区勇杰岩体地球化学、年代学的制约

甘孜-理塘蛇绿混杂岩带是西南三江构造带的重要组成部分,经历了古特提斯构造体系的演化,形成完整的沟-弧-盆体系。义敦岛弧属甘孜-理塘弧盆系范畴,位于甘孜-理塘缝合带西侧。对义敦岛弧勇杰岩体开展详细的岩石学、地球化学、年代学研究,为甘孜-理塘洋盆晚三叠世构造演化研究提供新的证据。义敦勇杰岩体黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗质细晶岩的锆石UPb年龄分别为214.2±1.4Ma和206.2±1.8Ma,整体属高钾钙碱性弱过铝质花岗岩;稀土元素配分曲线具轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对平坦的特征,负Eu异常明显;微量元素表现为大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、K相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti亏损的特征,显示勇杰岩体黑云母二长花岗岩明显具俯冲型花岗岩的特征,而花岗质细晶岩具有碰撞型花岗岩的特征。总体反映晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋盆从俯冲至碰撞的地球动力学背景,应属理塘蛇绿混杂岩带碰撞造山过程的产物。     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Donglufang porphyry-skarn Mo-Cu deposit in the southern Yidun Terrane and their geological significances

The newly-discovered Donglufang Moe Cu porphyry-skarn deposit is located in the southern Yidun Terrane, southeast Tibet, with more than 80 million tonnes(Mt) of reserves(grading 0.15 wt.% Mo and0.48 wt.% Cu) hosted in Triassic strata and Late Cretaceous granodiorite porphyry. Ree Os dating of molybdenum ore yielded a weighted mean age of 84.9 ± 1.0 Ma and an isochron age of 85.2 ± 0.6 Ma.LA-ICP-MS Ue Pb dating of zircons from the granodiorite porphyry yielded206 Pb/238 U ages ranging from 87.4 Ma to 84.2 Ma with a weighted mean206 Pb/238 U age of 85.1 ±0.5 Ma, indicating a temporal linkage between granitic magmatism and Moe Cu mineralization. Geochemical analyses show that the granodiorite porphyries are I-type granites with Si O_2 contents of 64.3 -66.7 wt.%. These rocks are typically metaluminous with high K_2 O/Na_2 O ratios, low Mg O(1.32 -1.56 wt.%), Cr(5.6 -12.9 ppm), Ni(3.79 -10.81 ppm), Mg#(43 -52) values, and high Sr(304 -844 ppm), Sr/Y(21.2 -50.8) and La/Yb ratios(37.0 -60.1). They are enriched in light rare-earth elements(LREE) relative to heavy rare-earth elements(HREE), with slightly negative Eu anomalies, and are enriched in Th, U and large ion lithophile elements(LILE, e.g., K and Rb), and depleted in high field strength elements(HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, P and Ti). They also show negative zircon εHf(t) values(-6.7 to -2.3) and negative whole rock εNd(t) values(à5.2 to-4.3), as well as old Hfe Nd model ages, indicating the magmas were derived from a thickened ancient lower crust within the garneteamphibolite facies. Considering the tectonic evolution of the Yidun Terrane, geochemical characteristics of granodiorite porphyry, and the ages of mineralization obtained in this study. We suggest that the Donglufang deposit was formed in a post-collisional setting, which has a genetic relationship with the emplacement of the granodiorite porphyry. The present study provide key information for the exploration of the Late Cretaceous metallogeny in the Yidun Terrane.     

基于Arc/Info ODE的高斯投影批量换带计算

基于Arc/InfoODE(Open Development Environment)二次开发环境,提出了任意图幅高斯投影3°带坐标系向6°带坐标系的自动批量转换的算法,并成功应用于国家1:5万基础地理数据缩编更新软件中,解决了目前许多GIS软件不能实现投影坐标系自动批量转换的难题。     

Geochemistry of an Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complex in Eastern Desert,Egypt:New insights and constraints on the Neoproterozoic island arc magmatism

Mikbi intrusion(MI) is a part of the Neoproterozoic Nubian Shield located along the NE-SW trending major fracture zones prevailing southern Eastern Desert of Egypt. In this study, we present for the first time detailed mineralogical and bulk-rock geochemical data to infer some constraints on the parental magma genesis and to understand the tectonic processes contributed to MI formation. Lithologically, it is composed of fresh peridotite, clinopyroxenite, hornblendite, anorthosite, gabbronorite, pyroxene amphibole gabbro, amphibole gabbro and diorite. All rocks have low Th/La ratios(mostly <0.2) and lack positive Zr and Th anomalies excluding significant crustal contamination. They show very low concentrations of Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf together with sub-chondritic ratios of Nb/Ta(2-15) and Zr/Hf(19-35),suggesting that their mantle source was depleted by earlier melting extraction event. The oxygen fugacity(logfO_2) estimated from diorite biotite is around the nickel-nickel oxide buffer(NNO) indicating crystallization from a relatively oxidized magma. Amphiboles in the studied mafic-ultramafic rocks indicate relative oxygen fugacity(i.e. ΔNNO; nickel-nickel oxide) of 0.28-3 and were in equilibrium mostly with 3.77-8.24 wt.% H_2 O_melt(i.e. water content in the melt), consistent with the typical values of subduction-related magmas. Moreover, pressure estimates(0.53-6.79 kbar) indicate polybaric crystallization and suggest that the magma chamber(s) was located at relatively shallow crustal levels. The enrichment in LILE(e.g., Cs, Ba, K and Sr) and the depletion in HFSE(e.g., Th and Nb) relative to primitive mantle are consistent with island arc signature. The olivine, pyroxene and amphibole compositions also reflect arc affinity. These inferences suggest that their primary magma was derived from partial melting of a mantle source that formerly metasomatized in a subduction zone setting. Clinopyroxene and bulkrock data are consistent with orogenic tholeiitic affinity. Consequently, the mineral and bulk-rock chemistry strongly indicate crystallization from hydrous tholeiitic magma. Moreover, their trace element patterns are subparallel indicating that the various rock types possibly result from differentiation of the same primary magma. These petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics show that the MI is a typical Alaskan-type complex.