北京西山下苇甸第三统/芙蓉统界线附近碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及古环境意义

芙蓉世早期全球发生的生物绝灭事件与该时期古环境的变化可能存在着密切联系,但未有定论;相对于深水相区,浅水台地沉积物地球化学特征对古环境的变化有着更敏感的响应,有利于深化这一问题的理解。选取北京西山下苇甸剖面第三统崮山组和芙蓉统长山组碳酸盐岩沉积为研究对象,通过元素地球化学和同位素的分析,重建这一时期古环境的变迁过程,并探讨其与生命演化的关系。结果表明:崮山组和长山组沉积更替时期,古气候和古海洋环境有大的波动。海水由海平面低点快速海侵,水体还原性急剧增强,海水温度降至最低点,盐度升高至最高点,可能这是三叶虫生态崩溃及其灭绝的重要原因。长山组早期干热气候和温湿气候交替频繁,大规模海侵促使陆源碎屑物质输入的增加,海水中营养元素的富集促进了生物勃发;同时深水的还原性条件有利于有机质的保存,最终导致碳酸盐岩碳同位素的正漂。研究还表明,这次碳同位素正漂的发生与长山中晚期海平面的下降没有明显的成因联系。     

Characteristics of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and Noble Gas Isotopes in the Groundwater of Weishan, Wudalianchi, Northeast China

According to the hydrochemical characteristics, hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics and the ratio of noble gas isotopes of the sandstone aquifer and basalt aquifer, this study calculated the recharge temperature and residence time of groundwater in the Weishan area of Wudalianchi, also calculating the contribution of noble gas components from different sources to the samples. Based on the characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and noble gases Xe and Ne, the recharge altitude and recharge temperature of the two aquifers were estimated, and the recharge temperature fitting with the NGT model as verified, the results showing that the main recharge altitude of groundwater in the region was 500–600 m, the recharge temperature being 2–7°C. Heeq and Heea of the samples have been simulated using the OD model, the content of radioactive 4He in the crust being obtained, the groundwater ages under the two conditions (closed condition and open condition) both being simulated. The results show that groundwater from the sandstone layer water is older than groundwater from the basalt layer. Hydrochemical characteristics and noble gas isotope ratios indicate that in the basalt aquifer and sandstone aquifer in the Weishan area, in addition to atmospheric and crustal helium, there is also an input of mantle-derived helium. The fault constitutes the uplift channel for groundwater containings mantle components, which results in the mantle source composition in water samples near the fault being much higher than those form non-fault areas.     

皖东钱台子金矿床成因：流体包裹体及氢氧同位素约束

钱台子金矿床是一个产于皖东蚌埠隆起区东端的石英脉型小型矿床,矿体主要赋存于变质结晶基底五河岩群中,受张扭性断裂控制。本文通过对不同阶段石英进行系统的包裹体岩相学观察、显微测温、激光拉曼探针及氢氧同位素分析,探讨了该矿床的流体来源及矿床成因。结果表明,钱台子金矿床流体包裹体有纯CO₂型、CO₂—H₂O型和H₂O—NaCl型3种,包裹体均一温度集中在286~385℃,w(NaCl, eqv)=4.80%~12.56%,平均8.29%;不同阶段石英的δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW变化范围为9.0×10^-3~15.2×10^-3,对应的δ¹⁸O_水变化范围为2.12×10^-3~9.70×10^-3;各成矿期流体密度集中于0.63~0.84 g/cm³之间,均一压力为163~178 MPa,成矿深度＜6 km;成矿早期流体属于中高温、低盐度、低密度的CO₂—H₂O—NaCl变质流体,后期有岩浆水参与。钱台子金矿床形成于扬子克拉通沿NW方向俯冲于华北克拉通之下的造山期后持续伸展背景下的拆沉作用和壳幔相互作用所导致的大规模岩浆活动。     

37 ka以来日本海沉积物有机质碳和氮稳定同位素变化及其古海洋学意义

海洋沉积物有机质碳氮稳定同位素(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N)广泛用于有机质来源示踪、古生产力和古海洋环境重建。日本海沉积物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值一个显著特征是在末次冰盛期(LGM)同步负偏,但是对这一现象产生的原因以及他们的演化过程的认识仍然存在明显不足。在本研究中,我们详细调查了37 ka以来日本海中部LV53-23-1岩心沉积物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N演化历史。结果显示,沉积物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N分别介于-26.3‰至-22.5‰和1.6‰至6.1‰,低值出现在LGM(26.5~17 ka)暗色层状泥发育时期,指示较强的陆源输入贡献。在Heinrich冰阶1时期(17~14.5 ka),δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N快速正偏,表明日本海海洋环境发生了明显的转换,对应于对马海峡淹没及对马暖流入侵。14.5 ka之后,沉积物δ¹⁵N值恢复到5‰,与开阔大洋海水硝酸盐的δ¹⁵N值近似。我们采用二端员混合模型粗略地估算了有机质来源的相对贡献。LGM时期陆源有机质贡献介于65%至80%,14.5 ka以后海源有机质贡献介于60%至80%。除了增加的陆源有机质贡献以外,LGM时期沉积物δ¹⁵N亏损还涉及如下过程:(1)较高的含Fe沙尘供给提高日本海表层海洋生物固氮效率;(2)缺氧环境盛行减弱成岩作用对沉积物δ¹⁵N影响。37 ka以来,日本海沉积物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N变化与有机质来源、营养盐的供给、表层生产力和沉积物氧化还原条件相关,实际受海平面和全球气候制约。     

人类活动影响下的龙口海岸带海底地下水排泄通量研究

在沿海地区,以²²³Ra和²²⁴Ra为示踪剂建立的镭质量平衡模型已广泛应用于海底地下水排泄量(SGD)的研究中,然而目前国内外关于在人类活动复杂影响较大情况下的SGD研究却极为少见。本文对比研究了在有防渗墙(A区)和填海造陆(B区)两种不同人为因素影响下的龙口海岸带水体表现年龄、海底地下水排泄量及其携带的氮磷营养盐通量。结果表明,A区平均水体表现年龄为14.26 d,B区平均水体表现年龄为10.64 d。此外,B区沿岸地下水以及近岸海水中的Ra活度均普遍高于A区,而盐度低于A区。在SGD方面,A区的SGD速率为1.26~1.60 cm·d^-1,B区为1.43~1.82 cm·d^-1,考虑SGD在评估方法上存在一定的误差,因此两个区域的SGD速率相差不大。但与我国其他自然海域相比,这两个区域的SGD速率均处于较低水平。此外,B区的氮磷营养盐浓度普遍高于A区,而且由SGD驱动的氮磷营养盐通量不同,地下水输入的不平衡的营养盐极易改变龙口海域的营养盐结构,对海洋生态环境产生不利影响,这也进一步证实SGD在沿海生态环境以及水体污染治理中的重要地位。     

Ancient depletion signals in lherzolites from forearc region: Constraints from Lu-Hf isotope compositions

The sub-arc mantle that experienced hydrous melting is commonly characterized by refractory geochemical compositions. Nevertheless, minor lherzolites with fertile compositions have also been reported for mantle peridotites from subduction zone. The petrogenesis and mantle source of the lherzolites are still controversial. The New Caledonia ophiolite(Peridotite Nappe) has been regarded as an allochthonous body of forearc lithosphere. This is supported by refractory compositions of its dominant mantle rocks.A few isolated lherzolitic massifs have also been observed in the northern part of New Caledonia.Those lherzolites are compositionally similar to abyssal peridotites, with negligible subduction-related modification. Here, we present new comprehensive geochemical compositions, in particular highprecision Sr-Nd-Hf isotope data, for the lherzolites. The initial¹⁷⁶ Hf/¹⁷⁷ Hf ratios display moderate correlations with sensitive indicators for the extent of melting(i.e., olivine Fo, whole-rock Mg# and Yb contents in clinopyroxene) and whole-rock initial¹⁸⁷ Os/¹⁸⁸ Os ratios. Some samples have ancient radiogenic Hf isotopes and unradiogenic Os isotope compositions, implying the preservation of ancient depletion signals in the lherzolites. The Nd isotope compositions, together with trace elements and mineral micro-textures, suggest that the lherzolites have been overprinted by a recent melt-rock interaction event. The high equilibrium temperatures of the studied samples have been estimated by the twopyroxene REE thermometer, yielding temperatures of 1066–1315 ℃. The lherzolites have more depleted Nd-Hf isotope compositions and higher equilibrium temperatures than the New Caledonia harzburgites.This indicates that the lherzolites may represent the residues of asthenosphere mantle trapped within the forearc region. Our studies on the New Caledonia lherzolites with ancient depletion signals suggest that ancient mantle domains in the convective mantle can be emplaced in forearc region by the upwelling of asthenosphere during the early stage of subduction initiation.     

Isotope hydrogeochemical models for assessing the hydrological processes in a part of the largest continental flood basalts province of India

Continental Flood Basalts (CFB) occupy one fourth of the world’s land area. Hence, it is important to discern the hydrological processes in this complex hydrogeological setup for the sustainable water resources development. A model assisted isotope, geochemical, geospatial and geophysical study was conducted to understand the monsoonal characteristics, recharge processes, renewability and geochemical evolution in one of the largest continental flood basalt provinces of India. HYSPLIT modelling and stable isotopes were used to assess the monsoonal characteristics. Rayleigh distillation model were used to understand the climatic conditions at the time of groundwater recharge. Lumped parameter models (LPM) were employed to quantify the mean transit time (MTT) of groundwater. Statistical and geochemical models were adopted to understand the geochemical evolution along the groundwater flow path. A geophysical model was used to understand the geometry of the aquifer. The back trajectory analysis confirms the isotopic finding that precipitation in this region is caused by orographic uplifting of air masses originating from the Arabian Sea. Stable isotopic data of groundwater showed its meteoric origin and two recharge processes were discerned; (i) quick and direct recharge by precipitation through fractured and weathered basalt, (ii) low infiltration through the clayey black cotton soil and subjected to evaporation prior to the recharge. Tritium data showed that the groundwater is a renewable source and have shorter transit times (from present day to <30 years). The hydrogeochemical study indicated multiple sources/processes such as: the minerals dissolution, silicate weathering, ion exchange, anthropogenic influences etc. control the chemistry of the groundwater. Based on the geo-electrical resistivity survey, the potential zones (weathered and fractured) were delineated for the groundwater development. Thus, the study highlights the usefulness of model assisted isotopic hydrogeochemical techniques for understanding the recharge and geochemical processes in a basaltic aquifer system.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–Eocene granites,Tengchong Block (SW China): Petrogenesis and implications for Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Eastern Tethys

The Early Cretaceous–Early Eocene granitoids in the Tengchong Block record the evolutionary history of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of Eastern Tethys. (a) The Early Cretaceous granitoids with relatively low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios of 0.7090–0.7169 and ε_Nd(t) values of ?9.8 to ?7.8 display metaluminous, calc-alkaline dominated by I-type granite affinity and hybrid mantle–crust geochemical signatures. They may have been derived from melting of the subducted Meso-Tethyan Bangong-Nujiang oceanic crust with terrigenous sediments in an arc-continent collisional setting. (b) The Late Cretaceous–Paleocene granitoids with relatively high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios of 0.7109–0.7627, and ε_Nd(t) values of ?12.1 to ?7.9 exhibit metaluminous to peraluminous, calc-alkaline dominated by S-type granite affinity and hybrid Lower–Upper crust geochemical signatures, which may be originated from partial melting of the Meso-Proterozoic continental crust in the collision setting between the Tengchong Block and Baoshan Block. (c) The Early Eocene granitoids have metaluminous, calc-alkaline I-type and S-type granites dual affinity, with relatively high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios of 0.711–0.736, ε_Nd(t) values of ?9.4 to ?4.7, showing crust-mantle mixing geochemical signatures. They may have been originated from partial melting of the late Meso-Proterozoic upper crustal components mixed with some upper mantle material during the ascent process of mantle magma caused by the subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Putao–Myitkyian oceanic crust, and collision between the Western Burma Block and the Tengchong Block. It is these multi-stage subductions and collisions that caused the spatial and temporal distribution of the granitic rocks in the Tengchong Block.     

Crust–mantle interaction recorded by Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks within the southern margin of the North China Craton

This study presents new geochronological and geochemical data for Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the southern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), to discuss the crust–mantle interaction. The studied rocks include pyroxene andesites from Daying Formation, hornblende andesites and andesites from Jiudian Formation, and rhyolites from a hitherto unnamed Formation. These rocks formed in Early Cretaceous (138–120 Ma), with enrichment in light rare earth elements (REE), depletion in heavy REE and arc-like trace elements characteristics. Pyroxene andesites show low SiO₂ contents and enriched Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic compositions, with orthopyroxene phenocryst and Paleoproterozoic (2320–1829 Ma) inherited zircons, suggesting that they originated from lithospheric mantle after metasomatism with NCC lower crustal materials. Hornblende andesites have low SiO₂ contents and high Mg# (Mg# = 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺)) values, indicating a lithospheric-mantle origin. Considering the distinct whole-rock Sr isotopic compositions we divide them into two groups. Among them, the low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i andesites possess amount inherited Neoarchean to Neoproterozoic (2548–845 Ma) zircons, indicating the origin of lithospheric mantle with addition of Yangtze Craton (YC) and NCC materials. In comparison, the high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i andesites, with abundant Neoarchean–Paleozoic inherited zircons (3499–261 Ma), are formed by partial melting of lithospheric mantle with incorporation of NCC supracrustal rocks and YC materials. Rhyolites have extremely high SiO₂ (77.63–82.52 wt.%) and low total Fe₂O₃, Cr, Ni contents and Mg# values, combined with ancient inherited zircon ages (2316 and 2251 Ma), suggesting an origin of NCC lower continental crust. Considering the presence of resorption texture of quartz phenocryst, we propose a petrogenetic model of ‘crystal mushes’ for rhyolites prior to their eruption. These constraints record the intense crust–mantle interaction in the southern margin of the NCC. Given the regional data and spatial distribution of Early Cretaceous rocks within NCC, we believe that the formation of these rocks is related to the contemporaneous far-field effect of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.     

印尼西婆罗洲早白垩世Mensibau花岗岩类的成因及构造意义

婆罗洲西部(印尼)在中生代期间处于特提斯构造域和古太平洋构造域交汇地带,是全球少有的多重板块动力学体制既有先后叠加又有同时复合的独特大地构造单元。因此,该区相关花岗岩类成因及构造背景的研究对揭示东南亚构造—岩浆演化历史及多重构造体制叠合造山作用下的岩浆演化机制至关重要。笔者等对西婆罗洲Mensibau岩基的花岗岩类进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析。其中,石英二长岩和钾长花岗岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄分别为126.9±2.1 Ma和141.8±2.6 Ma,表明岩体形成于早白垩世,岩浆活动至少持续了15 Ma。Mensibau花岗岩类具有高SiO₂(67.5%～73.3%)、高K₂O (4.3%～5.4%)和低P₂O₅(0.07%～0.14%)的元素含量特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.92～1.06,并且含角闪石,属准铝质—弱过铝质I型花岗岩类。这些花岗岩类具有轻稀土元素(LREEs)富集和重稀土元素(HREEs)亏损,弱的负铕异常(δEu=...