The geology of the Morro Velho gold deposit in the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil

The Morro Velho gold deposit, Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is hosted by rocks at the base of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt. The deposit occurs within a thick carbonaceous phyllite package, containing intercalations of felsic and intermediate volcaniclastic rocks and dolomites. Considering the temporal and spatial association of the deposit with the Rio das Velhas orogeny, and location in close proximity to a major NNW-trending fault zone, it can be classified as an orogenic gold deposit. Hydrothermal activity was characterized by intense enrichment in alteration zones of carbonates, sulfides, chlorite, white mica±biotite, albite and quartz, as described in other Archean lode-type gold ores. Two types of ore occur in the deposit: dark gray quartz veins and sulfide-rich gold orebodies. The sulfide-rich orebodies range from disseminated concentrations of sulfide minerals to massive sulfide bodies. The sulfide assemblage comprises (by volume), on average, 74% pyrrhotite, 17% arsenopyrite, 8% pyrite and 1% chalcopyrite. The orebodies have a long axis parallel to the local stretching lineation, with continuity down the plunge of fold axis for at least 4.8 km. The group of rocks hosting the Morro Velho gold mineralization is locally referred to as lapa seca. These were isoclinally folded and metamorphosed prior to gold mineralization. The lapa seca and the orebodies it hosts are distributed in five main tight folds related to F1 (the best examples are the X, Main and South orebodies, in level 25), which are disrupted by NE- to E-striking shear zones. Textural features indicate that the sulfide mineralization postdated regional peak metamorphism, and that the massive sulfide ore has subsequently been neither metamorphosed nor deformed. Lead isotope ratios indicate a model age of 2.82 ± 0.05 Ga for both sulfide and gold mineralization. The lapa seca are interpreted as the results of a pre-gold alteration process and may be divided into carbonatic, micaceous and quartzose types. The carbonatic lapa seca is subdivided into gray and brown subtypes. Non-mineralized, gray carbonatic lapa seca forms the hanging wall to the orebodies, and is interpreted as the product of extreme CO₂ metasomatism during hydrothermal alteration. This dolomitic lapa seca ranges in composition from relatively pure limestone and dolomite to silty limestone and dolomite. The brown carbonatic and micaceous lapa secas are the host rocks to gold. These units are interpreted to correspond to the sheared and hydrothermal products of metamorphosed volcaniclastic and/or volcanic rocks of varying composition from dacitic to andesitic, forming various types of schists and phyllites. The high-grade, massive sulfide orebodies occur at the base of the gray carbonatic lapa seca. Both disseminated mineralization and quartz veins are hosted by micaceous lapa seca. The data are consistent with a model of epigenetic mineralization for the lapa seca, from a hydrothermal fluid derived in part from the Archean basement or older crust material.     

苏鲁超高压变质带的深部构造特征——宽频地震层析结果

为了探测苏鲁超高压变质带的岩石圈结构实施了山东日照到滨洲剖面的宽频带地震探测,于2003～2005年使用REFTER130-01型和CMG-6TD型三分量地震仪(频宽50～60s).以10～25km间距布设了25个台站观测近三年时间.由远震地震层析反演结果得到了华北板块、超高压变质带、扬子板块清晰的P波速度图像.华北板块具有简单的低速体形态,越过郯庐断裂向超高压变质带扩张,并平稳地由郯庐断裂向北延伸直到黄河以北的古城镇.Moho面和岩石圈深度分别为30～35km,75～80km;扬子板块为高速体,界于两者之间的苏鲁超高压变质带地壳的平均速度大于两侧板块,剖面上从日照到五莲-烟台断裂范围内除地壳为高速体外,30～60km深度范围内有一个高速体和一个低速体拼会在一起,构成了超高压变质带岩石圈最突出的构造特征.此高速体应为榴辉橄榄岩等超基性岩组成,它可能属于折返回来又被移动的超高压变质岩组合体,并与华北板块基底直接接触,超高压变质带的下界面深度为60km.下界面平直,可能意味着正在消退的造山带的山根,或是造山带的下一层Moho面?郯庐断裂带地壳出露的共四条带,比较陡的产状向深部延伸,并逐步向南倾,TLF2～TLF4在岩石圈底界处合并.     

胶南造山带中高压、超高压变质矿

胶南造山带榴辉岩中的高压、超高压变质矿物主要有绿辉石、镁铝榴石、柯石英、金刚石、金红石等。柯石英、金刚石均呈微晶状包裹于石榴子石、绿辉石中。柯石英多已转化为石英聚晶,并使包裹它的矿物产生放射状胀裂纹;金刚石呈近等轴八面体等,其形成压力达３．５ＧＰａ以上。榴辉岩围岩中的高压、超高压变质矿物主要有辉石类（透辉石、霓石、暗硬玉）、钠钙质钠质角闪石（钠闪石、镁钠闪石）、多硅白云母（３Ｔ型）、钠长石、绿帘石等。高压、超高压变质矿物的广泛出现指示区内存在两期高压变质作用：早期为超高压榴辉岩相变质作用;晚期为高压绿片岩相榴辉岩相变质作用。华北板块与扬子板块的多次碰撞是区内高压、超高压变质作用产生的主要原因。     

蒙阴县苏家沟科马提岩

苏家沟科马提岩呈透镜状残留体赋存于早元古代二长花岗岩中,主要由蛇纹石化橄榄科马提岩、透闪石岩、透闪片岩、阳起透闪片岩、绿泥透闪片岩、黑云阳起片岩等组成,具典型的鬣刺结构及变余鬣刺结构。该科马提岩的岩石学、岩石化学及结构特征与世界典型地区科马提岩极为相似,属橄榄科马提岩。     

对山东高压-超高压变质带的几点看法——程裕淇院士野外考察记

通过对山东高压超高压变质带的考察,初步认为：榴辉岩的最后隆升时代为燕山期;含硬玉石英岩＋榴辉岩＋（透辉石）大理岩组合说明表壳岩经历了高压超高压变质作用;该带晋宁期长英质片麻岩花岗岩广泛出露;在其北部麻粒岩和榴辉岩密切伴生。     

策勒绿洲与荒漠交错带达木沟剖面近4ka来干湿波动记录

位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲与荒漠交错带的达木沟剖面高分辨率地记录了这一区域近４ｋａ来的环境演变历史。虽然,可以反映干湿波动的Ｒｂ／Ｓｒ比值曲线明显地反映了近４ｋａ来本地区持续干旱化的特征,且有后期加剧的趋势。但年代学及剖面沉积特征的研究还表明,在此期间仍有若干次相对湿润与干旱化加剧时期的波动。     

0.8MaB.P.以来西藏雅鲁藏布江中游地区沙地演化和气候变化

根据地表沉积相特征及其对气候变化的反映,着重讨论了西藏雅鲁藏布江中游沙地形成时代、演化过程和气候变化。沙地早在中更新世中期的０．８ＭａＢ．Ｐ．就已出现,经历了强烈发展、缓慢发展槿相对稳定和缩小与固定的多次迭覆更替,并呈不断扩大趋势。与此同时,气候也经历了冷干和暖湿的多次变化,并表现出不断向干冷化方向发展的趋势。     

山区暖带的农业生态效应——以秦岭-黄淮平原交界带为例

分析了山区暖带对当地农业生态环境的影响和暖带资源利用中应注意的若干问题．     

西秦岭北带泥盆纪Nereites遗迹相及其环境分析

西秦岭北带泥盆系舒家坝组下一中上部的巨厚陆源碎屑岩系中含有极丰富的遗迹化石,它们可为解释该组沉积环境提供重要信息:（1）由大量典型深水遗迹化石组成的Nereites遗迹相,可与世界各地浊积岩系和复理石相中的Nereites遗迹相进行对比,该遗迹相主要发育在浊流沉积区直至深海平原,其沉积水深最大可超过2000m;（2）舒家坝组的遗迹群落中,除大量属深水型分子外,还见有典型的浅水分子,两种水深性质不同的遗迹组合共生在一个沉积剖面,正是浊积岩系和复理石相才具有的独特分布特征;（3）根据沉积层序和遗迹组合的对比确认舒家坝组不存在风暴岩。     

浙西北地区反转构造初步研究

通过浙西北地区金衢、乌马和杭嘉湖3个地震解译剖面及地表地质的综合分析,指出研究区在以T₂为主变形期的逆冲变形体制之前存在同方向的引张体制,并随后发生反转。通过计算反转比等综合分析,发现其总体反转程度自南东往北西方向逐渐变小,反映出反转后的褶皱冲断变形程度呈现自南东往北西方向变弱之趋势。