Channel morphology and its impact on flood passage, the Tianjiazhen reach of the middle Yangtze River

The Tianjiazhen reach of the middle Yangtze is about 8 km long, and characterized by a narrow river width of 650 m and local water depth of > 90 m in deep inner troughs, of which about 60 m is below the mean sea level. The troughs in the channel of such a large river are associated with regional tectonics and local lithology. The channel configuration plays a critical role in modifying the height and duration of river floods and erosion of the riverbed. The formation of the troughs in the bed of the Yangtze is considered to be controlled by sets of NW–SE-oriented neotectonic fault zones, in which some segments consist of highly folded thick Triassic limestone crossed by the Yangtze River. Several limestone hills, currently located next to the river channel, serve as nodes that create large vortices in the river, thereby accelerating downcutting on the riverbed composed of limestone highly susceptible to physical corrosion and chemical dissolution. Hydrological records indicate that the nodal hills and channel configuration at Tianjiazhen do not impact on normal flow discharges but discharges > 50,000 m³s^− 1 are slowed down for 2–3 days. Catastrophic floods are held up for even longer periods. These inevitably result in elevated flood stages upstream of prolonged duration, affecting large cities such as Wuhan and a very large number of people.     

Regional accessibility of land traffic network in the Yangtze River Delta

In a given district, the accessibility of any point should be the synthetically evalua-tion of the internal and external accessibilities. Using MapX component and Delphi, the author presents an information system to calculate and analyze regional accessibility according to the shortest travel time, generating thus a mark diffusing figure. Based on land traffic network, this paper assesses the present and the future regional accessibilities of sixteen major cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The result shows that the regional accessibility of the Yangtze River Delta presents a fan with Shanghai as its core. The top two most accessible cities are Shanghai and Jiaxing, and the bottom two ones are Taizhou (Zhejiang province) and Nantong. With the construction of Sutong Bridge, Hangzhouwan Bridge and Zhoushan Bridge, the re-gional internal accessibility of all cities will be improved. Especially for Shaoxing, Ningbo and Taizhou (Jiangsu province), the regional internal accessibility will be decreased by one hour, and other cities will be shortened by about 25 minutes averagely. As the construction of Yangkou Harbor in Nantong, the regional external accessibility of the harbor cities in Jiangsu province will be speeded up by about one hour.     

1991年夏季长江中下游降水和风场的低频振荡特征分析

对 1 991长江中下游地区夏季降水和风场进行 Morlet小波分析 ,结果表明 :这些要素有明显的低频特征 ,其变化具有阶段性的特点。 6月中旬之前主要表现为准双周振荡 ,6月中旬之后 3 0～ 60 d振荡逐渐明显 ;低频西风峰值超前降水峰值 2～ 4d。通过对散度场及流场的分析发现 ,7月份以后 ,低纬低频系统北传 ,同时中纬 40～50°N低频系统南传 ,两者交汇在 3 0～ 3 5°N,低频气流在长江中下游地区的辐合造成了两次大的降水过程     

长江口九段沙下段冲淤演变水动力机制分析

概述了长江口深水航道整治一期工程及工程对九段沙下段地形冲淤的影响.根据已建立的σ坐标系下三维非线性水流数学模型,用新测水文资料对模型进行验证.利用所建立的模型,结合由现场测量得到一期工程前后九段沙下段近期地形演变,数值模拟了北槽区域流通量、底层欧拉余流和北槽中下段平面水流特征,以综合分析北槽水域水动力变化对九段沙下段地形冲淤变化的影响.     

长江南通河段卫星遥感水深探测试验

在水深遥感机理分析的基础上,应用多光谱遥感技术,开展长江南通河段水深遥感探测试验,建立该河段水深遥感模型,对河床水下地形进行反演.试验表明,应用陆地卫星TM数据对含沙量较高的长江河口段浅部水深进行探测有一定的效果,可对常规水深测量起到辅助作用.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA OF CHINA*

A numerical simulation model is presented in this paper,which comprises the processes of crop growth,soil organic carbon decomposition,and methane emissions in agroecosystems.Simulation results show that the model can simulate the main process of methane emissions well,and the correlation coefficient between the simulated values and observed data is 0.79 with 239 samples,which passed a significance test of 0.01.The average error of methane emission simulation in whole growth period is about 15%.Numerical analysis of the model indicates that the average temperature during rice growth period has much impacts on methane emissions,and the basic trend of interannual methane emissions is similar to that of average temperature.The amount of methane emissions reduces about 34.93%,when the fertilizer is used instead of manure in single rice paddy.     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN TIIE YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARYSHEN Zhigang'ANSTa^CTThe hy~ntalc and the sedimen tranSport Patter'nS within the estUaIy of the YangtZe mver arecomPlex because of intemehon of fluvial and the hdal forCes, depending on freshwate discharge andhdal range. Based on the data measuIed in meent years, thes papo discusses the characterishcs of flowand sNnt movemen in the tw forer EstUaIy and their iIifluences on the evolution of theestuaryKey W: YangtZe mver…     

APPLICATION OF A NEW METHOD IN STUDYING THE SCATTERED STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP OF UNSTEADY FLOWS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe macroscopic vedation of the stage-discharge relationship of unsteady nows in alluvial rivers is animPortant and comPlex problem. The Jinjiang reach of the Middle Yangtze Xiver swells often and theflood defence of the reach is the most serious. The stage-discharge relationship is the basic featore of theflow characteristics. The three hydrological stahons, Chenglingii station (at the exit of the DongtingLak), Jianll station and Luoshan station, are key stations on the…     

综合勘探在武汉军山长江大桥勘察中的应用

单一的勘探手段很难适应高速公路基本建设对勘察设计的高水平、高质量和高效率的要求。将钻探、地震勘探、重力勘探、磁法勘探、电视测井、声波测井等勘探手段综合运用于武汉军山大桥地质勘察中，不但精确探明了桥墩处地层岩性的风化程度，裂隙的位置、产状、规模，岩石完整性等，准确提供了岩石的力学参数，而且缩短了勘察周期，降低了成本。     

长江上游土地利用变化与冲沟发生和演变

冲沟侵蚀是中国西部山区一个重要的环境问题。小流域研究表明，黄河和长江中的泥沙主要是冲沟侵蚀引起的。目前，长江上游80%的冲沟因被幼林草植被覆盖而处于非活跃期。到底这些冲沟系统是什么时候形成的？未来的暴雨和径流是否会激活这些冲沟系统？土地利用与景观结构对冲沟系统的发生、演变有何关系？基于这些问题，近几年来在中科院山地环境学“百人计划”和“国外引进杰出人才”项目及德国洪堡基金的资助下，中德科学工作者进行了合作研究。本文介绍了长江上游地区土地利用变化与冲沟发生、演变的部分研究成果。我们在西昌安宁河干暖河谷选择了两个冲沟系统一个位于西溪乡长山岭，一个位于大青梁子。为了定量评价土地利用对冲沟发育的影响，我们对研究小流域的航片、土壤剖面、泥沙堆积与土地利用历史等进行了详尽的综合对比分析。同时，对两个冲沟系统的大小和土壤流失的体积进行了详细的野外调查、测定和计算。据此，获得了研究流域的冲沟侵蚀速率。研究结果表明，长江上游数百年的持续景观演变，尤其是20世纪中期人为强烈的不合理农业垦殖和利用土地，造成了四川西南部大量冲沟系统的形成和发展，研究流域的冲沟侵蚀速率高达375t/hm2*a-1。采取成功的水土保持措施以控制冲沟侵蚀，对中国西南山地退化环境的生态修复具有重大实践意义。