青藏高原东北部黄河源区大暖期气候特征

本文通过孢粉、有机碳和粘土矿物的分析,探讨了黄河源区全新世的气候变迁,重点论述了大暖期的气候特点。在全新世,黄河源区的气候总体凉干,属于高原的高寒气候。在大暖期,该区的气候较现今高2～3℃,显得湿润些,但波动较频繁,尤其是大暖期的后期波动剧烈,并在5．0kaBP前后发生一次剧烈的降温。记录表明,黄河源区的大暖期始于9．0kaBP,止于2．30kaBP,较我国其他地区开始得早,而结束得晚,其鼎盛时期为6．0kaBP前后。     

淮河息县站流量概率预报模型研究

应用美国天气局采用的由Roman Krzysztofowicz开发的贝叶斯统计理论建立概率水文预报理论框架，即以分布函数形式定量地描述水文预报不确定度，研究了淮河息县站流量概率预报模型。理论和经验表明，概率预报至少与确定性预报一样有价值，特别当预报不确定度较大时，概率预报比现行确定性预报具有更高的经济价值。     

Provenance of freshwater pulses in the Gulf of Mexico during the last deglaciation

During the last deglaciation, the decaying Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) delivered huge volumes of meltwater toward the Gulf of Mexico. The present investigation of clay mineralogy and grain-size characteristics of terrigenous sediments deposited in the Orca Basin (Gulf of Mexico) offers a unique opportunity to link the marine record of these meltwater floods with the reconstructed continental glacial history and the modeled drainage patterns. Five peculiar sedimentary levels, characterized by high smectite content and low CaCO₃ content, were identified and occurred simultaneously with major meltwater floods. According to recently published clay mineral distribution maps for North America, these results help to pinpoint the southwestern margin of the LIS as a main contributor to most of the meltwater discharges. In addition, the peculiar mineralogical composition (illite and chlorite-rich) of the sediments characterizing the meltwater episode associated with Heinrich event 1 suggests a provenance from the Great Lakes area, supporting the interpretation of destabilization of the LIS southeastern margin during this event. Decreased terrigenous contribution associated with changing provenance of sediments after 12.9 cal ka BP suggests strong modifications of the continental hydrography in relation to Lake Agassiz history and changes in the morphology of Mississippi delta due to rising sea level.     

和田河流域近 60 年降水尧气温与径流演变特征研究

以新疆和田河流域为例,采取Mann-Kendall趋势检测法、Pettitt突变检测法与小波分析等方法剖析了研究区近60年气温、降雨和径流变动特点。结果显示：（1）研究区降水、气温和径流均有增加或升高趋势,其中气温变化呈显著增加;（2）研究区降水、气温、径流突变分别发生于1986年、1996年和1993年;（3）研究区降水、气温和径流均无显著性周期性变化,但存在短时间段周期变化,降水在研究时段内呈现丰枯交替变化,自20世纪90年代逐渐湿化。气温呈现逐渐升高的发展趋势。20世纪90年代以前,径流年代际变化以偏枯为主,近20年年代际变化以偏丰为主。     

Neoproterozoic–Cambrian synsedimentary magmatism in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain): geology,petrology and geodynamic significance

Petrographic, geochemical and field studies in low grade metamorphic areas (Ciudad Rodrigo-Hurdes-Sierra de Gata domain, CRHSG, central-western Spain) show that Neoproterozoic-Lowermost Cambrian series in the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ) record two kinds of provenance sources including: (1) detrital material derived from recycled orogens and (2) a Cadomian coeval juvenile contribution that governs their isotopic signature. Evidence of magmatism contemporaneous with Neoproterozoic-Cambrian sedimentation is provided by the presence of coherent, massive volcanic rocks (metabasalts, metaandesites, and metarhyolites), volcaniclastic shales, sandstones, conglomerates and breccias. The appearance of volcanogenic lithic fragments and crystals mixed in different proportions with siliciclastic constituents and also present within calcareous components in the sedimentary succession, reinforces this evidence. Although most of the selected volcanic and volcaniclastic samples appear to show tholeiitic affinity, some of them display calc-alkaline affinity. Different trace element ratios, such as Sm/Nd, Nb/Yb and Ta/Yb, suggest a magmatic evolution in the same tectonic setting. The geochemical results reported here support the existence of an active geodynamic setting as a direct contributor to the synsedimentary and magmatic content of the Neoproterozoic–Lowermost Cambrian successions in the CIZ. In particular, the relatively high Nd _(T) values and the high range of f ^Sm/Nd ratios are consistent with an active margin during the Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian. The existence of tectonic activity is also confirmed by the presence of synsedimentary deformation and volcanic rocks. All of these traits favour a geodynamic model in which the Iberian Cadomian segment represented in the CIZ would have been part of an active northern margin of Gondwana, with an associated magmatic arc and related basins during Neoproterozoic–Lower Cambrian times. A proposed link between the Ossa Morena and the Central Iberian Zones might account for late Cadomian pull-apart basins developed on both sides of the magmatic arc, sharing the same scenario and involving similar magmatic activity during the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian transition.

Granulometric and chemical composition of the Sava River sediments upstream and downstream of the Krsko nuclear power plant

Total concentrations of 13 elements (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb) in the size-fractionated Sava River sediments upstream and downstream of the Krsko nuclear power plant together with metal speciation within bulk sediment have been investigated. Trace metals generally increase with decreasing particle size, however, because of entrapment of organic matter in the 0.63–1 mm fraction, concentrations in the coarser sediment fraction are higher than expected. Exchangeable Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr and Fe are generally found to represent a negligible fraction of the total metal concentration of the bulk sediment. Seasonal variations of the Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in the <0.5 mm fraction reflect decreased values during the spring period. Heavy metal concentrations in the 2003 waste water discharges from the Krsko nuclear power plant released into the Sava River were much lower than their maximum allowed values. Combined rubidium and organic matter normalization of the Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations, which was applied on the minus 0.063 mm fraction, indicated three potential sources of contaminants.     

合山煤田矿井水害防治措施探讨

合山煤田是典型的岩溶充水矿床．矿井开采水害严重。煤层的直接顶、底板为碳酸盐岩类,岩溶极为发育,为矿井的直接充水含水层;煤层底部的茅口组为强岩溶含水层,与煤系地层的联系密切,为间接充水含水层;位于煤田两侧的红河水是矿井充水最主要的补给水源。断裂、节理和破碎带等通道是矿井充水的主要通道。通过分析井下突水点的发育特征,认为强岩溶导水带是矿井突水的关键部位,防治矿井水害的重点是切断岩溶导水带,对强导水带进行封堵,防止红水河的侧向补给,对四煤底板灰岩进行加固。总结出地面防治的主要方法为帷幕式、截堵式、堵水点式和地面铺盖式。对井下防治水,提出了有疑必探,先探后掘,设置防水闸门、防水墙,实行分层、分区开采,加强井下排水等防治措施。     

滇藏铁路沿线滇藏交界段劈理化带成因探讨及工程效应分析

滇藏铁路沿线滇藏交界段劈理化带是新近发现的与高山峡谷区河流岸坡密切相关的介于劈理与节理之间的密集破裂构造型式.我们对劈理化带进行了较全面的调查、测绘、统计和分析,由此得出,劈理化带呈带状断续分布,规模与河流岸坡规模有关,在金沙江和澜沧江岸坡地带规模巨大,并与微地貌关系密切.另外,"劈理"具有倾角陡、不均匀等特点,"劈理"走向往往与河流方向一致.劈理化带是在内、外动力相互作用下形成,内动力作用可以形成劈理化带,在内动力作用的基础上,河谷地带的外动力作用也可以形成劈理化带,内、外动力对劈理化带均有后期改造作用.拟建的滇藏铁路将通过许多劈理化带,那里将来可能产生铁路地基大变形、隧道和桥梁大变形、隧道冒顶、隧道渗漏和发生滑坡、崩塌、泥石流灾害.因此,在将来铁路等工程建设和运营中要采取针对性防治措施.     

Early and Middle Pleistocene landscapes of eastern England

This paper reviews the pattern of climate and environmental change in eastern England over the period of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, focussing especially upon northern East Anglia. Particular attention is given to the climate and tectonics that have brought about these changes and the distinctive geology, topography and biology that has developed. Throughout, an attempt is made to describe the new models that have been proposed for the Early and Middle Pleistocene of eastern England, and explain the reasons for these changes. The Early Pleistocene experienced relatively high insulation and relatively low magnitude climatic change and is represented primarily by non-climatically forced processes in the form of tidal current- and wave-activity which formed shallow marine deposits. It is possible to recognise a tectonic control in the distribution of deposits of this age because the surface processes do not have the power to remove this signature. The early Middle Pleistocene was dominated by higher magnitude climatic change involving, occasionally, climatic extremes that ranged from permafrost to mediterranean. The landscape at this time was dominated by the behaviour of major rivers (Thames, Bytham, Ancaster) and extensive coastal activity. In the latter part of the early Middle Pleistocene and the Late Middle Pleistocene the climate experienced major changes which resulted in periods of lowland glaciation and short intervals when the climate was warmer than the present. Details of tectonic activity are difficult to identify because they are removed by powerful surface processes, but it is possible to infer uplift focussed on the major interfluves of central England and subsidence in the North Seas basin. In the areas of glaciation the landscape changed radically from an organised terrain dominated by large rivers and extensive shallow coastal zones to complex, with small valleys, disrupted drainage and often discontinuous river, slope and coastal deposits. Likewise the switching off of the North Sea Delta and the opening of the Strait of Dover, separating Britain from continental Europe can be attributed to the onset of lowland glaciation. The case is made that eastern England was glaciated four times during the Middle Pleistocene: during MIS 16, 12, 10 and 6, and attention is given to recent evidence contradicting this model. Over the period of the Middle Pleistocene there is evidence for high biomass production occurring over short intervals coinciding with the climatic optima of MIS 19, 17, 15, 13, 11, and 7c, 7a and during most of these warmer periods, extending back to c. 750 ka (MIS 19/17), there is evidence in the region for the brief appearance of humans.     

Grey Prediction of Siltation in North Channel of Yangtze Estuary

-The North Channel in the Yangtze Estuary is one of sea-leading waterways of Shanghai Harbour, in which yearly dredging volume reaches over ten million cubic meters, and it tends to increase year by year. Based on the channel regime similarity and through the relational grade, a GM (2, 1) is set up. It reveals the course of development of channel regime similarity under the action of various factors, and predicts the siltation volume in the nearest future which is the basis of dredging planning for relevant dredging departments.