盐湖卤水体系的热力学模型及其应用Ⅰ:在Li+,Na+,K+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO42--H2O体系物理化学方面的应用

在简要介绍如何获得了描述“盐湖卤水体系”Li+ ,Na+ ,K+ ,Mg2 + Cl-,SO42 - H2 O 2 5℃热力学的全部Pitzer参数后 ,详细举例说明了模型在卤水热力学性质预测、含锂盐湖卤水中盐类饱和度、含锂盐湖卤水在2 5℃ 1 0 1 3× 1 0 5Pa下的天然卤水离子缔和状态 (化学模型 )计算等方面的应用     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Blueprint for breakdown? Community Based Management of rural groundwater in Uganda

The belief that groundwater in rural areas is best managed according to the Community Based Management (CBM) model is the dominant paradigm across Sub-Saharan Africa. While donors and governments focus on extending the supply network to meet the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of universal access to clean water, at any one time a third of handpumps are non-functional. Basing our case on ethnographic fieldwork, surveys and interviews, and working closely with policy implementers over the course of three years in mid-west Uganda, we argue that non-functionality of handpumps, and the precarious status of many, cannot be blamed solely on poor technology or siting of wells: rather the problem stems from a dearth of maintenance funds and management failings. The CBM model is an uneasy coalition of ideologies from across the political spectrum that meshes neo-liberal inspired commodification with theories of collective action and Common Property Resources. We demonstrate conceptually and empirically how the wings of the CBM model individually and collectively are contributing to the disappointing outcomes amid the messy complex reality of rural environments. Recommendations calling for modifying participatory processes, technological solutions and more external support all fall within the existing CBM framework, which we will empirically demonstrate is a blueprint for breakdown in these contexts. A resolution to the financing of handpump maintenance must be found if the SDG is to be realised, and we argue that academics, policy makers and practitioners need to accept this may lie outside the CBM paradigm.     

Struggles over family land? Tree crops,land and labour in Ghana’s Brong-Ahafo region

Agricultural land use in much of Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana has been shifting from the production of food crops towards increased cashew nut cultivation in recent years. This article explores everyday, less visible, gendered and generational struggles over family farms in West Africa, based on qualitative, participatory research in a rural community that is becoming increasingly integrated into the global capitalist system. As a tree crop, cashew was regarded as an individual man’s property to be passed on to his wife and children rather than to extended family members, which differed from the communal land tenure arrangements governing food crop cultivation. The tendency for land, cash crops and income to be controlled by men, despite women’s and young people’s significant labour contributions to family farms, and for women to rely on food crop production for their main source of income and for household food security, means that women and girls are more likely to lose out when cashew plantations are expanded to the detriment of land for food crops. Intergenerational tensions emerged when young people felt that their parents and elders were neglecting their views and concerns. The research provides important insights into gendered and generational power relations regarding land access, property rights and intra-household decision-making processes. Greater dialogue between genders and generations may help to tackle unequal power relations and lead to shared decision-making processes that build the resilience of rural communities.     

我国震例前兆异常统计特征和应用研究

进行了我国大陆80多个震例(1987～1999年)的前兆异常项数统计, 研究了强震前流体、 形变和电磁三大观测类别的前兆异常项的时空变化属性和综合特征。 着重讨论这3类前兆异常从中期向短临过渡的标记、 可能的场、 源兆、 前兆变化的相关性、 分布的不均匀性及与地震活动的一致性。 在此基础上, 提出综合判定指标并用概率增益的方法对我国大陆强震预测作了一定的应用研究。     

环台湾岛海域全日分潮的特征和潮汐、潮流的综合性质

用97版POC海洋模式，对环台湾岛海域的全日分潮和整个潮汐，潮流综合特征进行三维数值研究。研究海域全日分潮是由太平洋传入的，且来自台湾岛北部海区传入的潮波穿越海峡。由吕宋海峡传入的全日分潮对维持南海的潮运动起着重要作用。全日分潮最大流同时线分布表层有5个圆流点，其中4个本文首次得到。台湾海峡及其以北海区和台湾东部洋区为不规则半日潮区，台湾东南为全日分潮为主的混合潮区。台湾岛北部为气旋式余流涡旋区，环绕台浅滩为反气旋余流涡旋区，澎湖水道开始的转向流预示着海峡及其邻近海区的涨潮流或落潮流的来临。     

Property speculation,global capital,urban planning and financialisation: Sydney Boom,Sydney Bust redux

In this ‘Thinking Space’ essay we revisit Maurie Daly’s 1982 book Sydney Boom, Sydney Bust, fuelled by concern for how Australian cities are being transformed by financialised real estate. Daly's insights remain highly relevant to Sydney and other cities around Australia and the world today. Poorly planned densification, inflated property markets, land speculation, and housing poverty are all outcomes of the (global) capitalist intersection of finance and land in Australia. The overwriting of Aboriginal country with colonial-capitalist systems of land ownership set in train a process of land and housing booms, bubbles and busts that are better understood by their circular continuity rather than as a set of ephemeral ruptures. It is the property and finance system itself, rather than any ruptures to it, that reproduces unequal and alienating social relations. Researchers investigating property speculation, global capital, urban planning and financialisation, we argue, ought to revisit this key text to inform their contemporary analyses. Moreover, those wielding power over Australian urban affairs would do well to read it too, lest its lessons be ignored for another generation.     

贵南铁路建设对荔波－环江喀斯特世界自然遗产地地貌价值的影响

基于“3S”技术，结合水文、地质地貌等野外考察，围绕喀斯特水动力效应、地貌响应及缓冲区的缓冲作用进行分析，探讨了贵南铁路对荔波－环江喀斯特世界自然遗产地地貌价值的影响。结果表明：1）贵南铁路线路穿过荔波－环江喀斯特的缓冲区，未穿过遗产地，对遗产地地貌价值无直接影响；2）线路以桥梁、隧道、路基的形式穿过缓冲区，以桥梁形式跨过遗产地上游地表河与地下河，河中不设桥墩，基本不影响遗产地上游水质水量；缓冲区的九万大山二号隧道可能使缓冲区隧区降深漏斗带内地下水位降低，但对遗产地的水文地质条件和喀斯特作用过程的影响极小；位于缓冲区的路基出露处均为非喀斯特地貌，不影响遗产地喀斯特地貌；3）遗产地大、小七孔与茂兰－环江2个片区分属不同的水文地质单元，无统一的地下水水力联系，贵南铁路对遗产地2个片区之间地下水水力联系及喀斯特作用过程无影响；4）线路将影响缓冲区的13个峰丛洼地共计面积5.32 km²，占缓冲区总面积的1.22%，基本不影响缓冲区的缓冲作用。     

Rural property size drives patterns of upland and riparian forest retention in a tropical deforestation frontier

Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia accounts for a disproportionate global scale fraction of both carbon emissions from biomass burning and biodiversity erosion through habitat loss. Here we use field- and remote-sensing data to examine the effects of private landholding size on the amount and type of forest cover retained within economically active rural properties in an aging southern Amazonian deforestation frontier. Data on both upland and riparian forest cover from a survey of 300 rural properties indicated that 49.4% (SD = 29.0%) of the total forest cover was maintained as of 2007, and that property size is a key regional-scale determinant of patterns of deforestation and land-use change. Small properties (≤150 ha) retained a lower proportion of forest (20.7%, SD = 17.6) than did large properties (>150 ha; 55.6%, SD = 27.2). Generalized linear models showed that property size had a positive effect on remaining areas of both upland and total forest cover. Using a Landsat time-series, the age of first clear-cutting that could be mapped within the boundaries of each property had a negative effect on the proportion of upland, riparian, and total forest cover retained. Based on these data, we show contrasts in land-use strategies between smallholders and largeholders, as well as differences in compliance with legal requirements in relation to minimum forest cover set-asides within private landholdings. This suggests that property size structure must be explicitly considered in landscape-scale conservation planning initiatives guiding agro-pastoral frontier expansion into remaining areas of tropical forest.     

根据野外震磁测量实践简评G-856质子旋进磁力仪性能

1996年渤海及周围地区被划定为地震重点危险区,为了加强地震监测工作,山东省地震局购置了3台由深圳华隆地球物理仪器工贸公司(中美合资)组装的G-856质子旋进磁力仪。