Zircon U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope composition of Kongling terrane in the Yangtze Craton: refining the timing of Palaeoproterozoic high-grade metamorphism

U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope compositions of zircon were analysed for a metasedimentary rock and two amphibolites from the Kongling terrane in the northern part of the Yangtze Craton. The zircon shows distinct morphological and chemical characteristics. Most zircon in an amphibolite shows oscillatory zoning, high Th/U and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios, high formation temperature, high trace element contents, clear negative Eu anomaly, as well as HREE-enriched patterns, suggesting that it is igneous. The zircon yields a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 2857 ± 8 Ma, representing the age of the magmatic protolith. The zircon in the other two samples is metamorphic. It has low Th/U ratios, low trace element concentrations, variable HREE contents (33.8 ≥ Lu_N≥2213; 14.7 ≤ Lu_N/Sm_N ≤ 354) and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios (0.000030–0.001168). The data indicate that the zircon formed in the presence of garnet and under upper amphibolite facies conditions. The metamorphic zircon yields a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 2010 ± 13 Ma. These results combined with previously obtained Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic ages suggest a c. 2.0 Ga Palaeoproterozoic collisional event in the Yangtze Craton, which may result from the assembly of the supercontinent Columbia. The zircon in two samples yields weighted mean two-stage Hf model ( T _DM2) ages of 3217 ± 110 and 2943 ± 50 Ma, respectively, indicating that their protoliths were mainly derived from Archean crust.     

Mantle Xenoliths from the Southeastern Slave Craton: Evidence for Chemical Zonation in a Thick, Cold Lithosphere

We present the first data on the petrology of the mantle lithosphereof the Southeastern (SE) Slave craton, Canada. These are basedon petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical studies of mantlexenoliths in Pipe 5034 of the Cambrian Gahcho Kué kimberlitecluster. Major types of mantle xenoliths include altered eclogite,coarse garnet or spinel peridotite, and deformed garnet peridotite.The peridotites belong to the low-temperature suite and formedat T=600–1300°C and P= 25–80 kbar in a thick(at least 220–250 km), cool lithosphere. The SE Slavemantle is cooler than the mantle of other Archaean cratons andthat below other terranes of the Slave craton. The thick lithosphereand the relatively cool thermal regime provide favourable conditionsfor formation and preservation of diamonds beneath the SE Slaveterrane. Similar to average Archaean mantle worldwide, the SESlave peridotite is depleted in magmaphile major elements andcontains olivine with forsterite content of 91–93·5.With respect to olivine composition and mode, all terranes ofthe Slave mantle show broadly similar compositions and are relativelyorthopyroxene-poor compared with those of the Kaapvaal and Siberiancratons. The SE Slave spinel peridotite is poorer in Al, Caand Fe, and richer in Mg than deeper garnet peridotite. Thegreater chemical depletion of the shallow upper mantle is typicalof all terranes of the Slave craton and may be common for thesubcontinental lithospheric peridotitic mantle in general. Peridotiticxenoliths of the SE Slave craton were impregnated by kimberliticfluids that caused late-stage recrystallization of primary clinopyroxene,spinel, olivine and spinel-facies orthopyroxene, and formationof interstitial clinopyroxene. This kimberlite-related recrystallizationdepleted primary pyroxenes and spinel in Al. The kimberliticfluid was oxidizing, Ti-, Fe- and K-rich, and Na-poor, and introducedserpentine, chlorite, phlogopite and spinel into peridotitesat P < 35 kbar. KEY WORDS: kimberlite xenolith; lithosphere; mantle terrane; chemical zoning; thermobarometry; Slave craton     

大别-胶南高压地体变质杂岩中流体包裹体特征和形成的热动力条件

在中国陆内南北板块之间古缝合线内大别-胶南高压地体中。分布着一套变质程度不一的杂岩系,我们将其划分出三期高峰变质作用形成的不同性质变形变质岩相带,并阐述了各自所代表的矿物流体包裹体特征,计算出它们形成时的温度、压力、氧逸度、差异应力等热动力参数,为揭示地体变形变质环境和构造演化特点,提供了可靠(?)数值根据。     

西藏西北部浅变质石英砂岩岩石学特征及其构造意义

羌塘盆地中央隆起带主要由浅变质石英砂岩组成,由于化石匮乏、变形强烈,长期以来对这套浅变质石英砂岩成因的争议颇大,导致了对藏西北地区前中生代构造演化的认识长期模糊不清,其中,何处才是冈瓦纳大陆北界就是一个长期争论的议题。在西藏西北部,近东西走向的布尔嘎错断裂带将北部的查多岗日地块与南部的南羌塘地块分隔开,浅变质石英砂岩广泛出露于这两地块之内。沿近东西走向布尔嘎错断裂带断续产出的冈玛错蓝片岩、蛇绿岩等岩片大体呈南北向逆冲于浅变质石英砂岩之上,因此早期曾认为布尔嘎错断裂带是冈瓦纳大陆之北界。本文的调查与研究发现查多岗日和南羌塘地块内浅变质石英砂岩岩相学特征完全相同,均主要由石英组成,遭受了绿片岩相的变质作用,形成了钠长石+绿泥石+白云母组合,充填于早期石英颗粒之间,钠长石交代钾长石。这两地的浅变质石英砂岩均被未变质钙质胶结的钾长石石英砂岩平行不整合覆盖。碎屑锆石的阴极发光分析与U-Pb定年结果进一步证实了查多岗日与南羌塘地块内浅变质石英砂岩内的锆石来源完全相同。这些证据充分反映了查多岗日与南羌塘地块早期构造演化过程相似,源自同一大陆。碎屑锆石定年结果进一步表明浅变质石英砂岩的最大沉积年龄为520±8Ma,该岩石再被约480Ma的花岗岩脉侵入,因此其很可能形成于晚寒武世,而不整合面之上沉积岩的最大沉积年龄为460±8Ma,表明该不整合面上、下沉积岩之间存在明显的沉积间断,证实了该平行不整合面形成于奥陶纪。不整合面之下的浅变质石英砂岩因此与杨耀等(2014)报道的荣玛组相同,不整合面之上未变质长石石英砂岩则属于中上奥陶统塔石山组。查多岗日地块因此是西藏境内最北端的冈瓦纳大陆的碎块。在西藏西北部,冈瓦纳大陆北界为龙木错-帮达错-(83°40'E、35°N)-红脊山-荣玛乡。布尔嘎错断裂带不是冈瓦纳大陆之北界。     

基墨里造山与松潘-甘孜锂矿链成因的探讨

晚三叠世—早侏罗世,基墨里大陆和泛华夏陆块与欧亚大陆的碰撞,形成了4000 km 长的基墨里造山带。位于三大陆之间、现今青藏高原北部的松潘 甘孜地体的造山属性的确定,对于探索松潘 甘孜锂矿链的成因有重要意义。松潘 甘孜地体西部和北部的早侏罗世陆相火山岩、底砾岩和煤系地层(~201 Ma)不整合在晚三叠世褶皱地层及花岗岩体之上,为晚三叠世—早侏罗世的基墨里造山时限提供了直接证据。松潘 甘孜地体中的甲基卡、可尔因、扎乌龙和白龙山 大红柳滩等稀有金属矿集区具有共同特征：赋存在由核部高分异S型花岗岩和幔部中晚三叠世浊积岩组成的片麻岩穹隆构造中、经历了巴罗 巴肯变质作用、含锂伟晶岩脉侵位在花岗岩体上部的伸展空间。通过对松潘 甘孜地体区域地质调查和对矿集区的变质、变形、岩浆和成矿作用及同位素年代学研究,提出该地体经历晚三叠世—早中侏罗世的基墨里造山过程：① 230~220 Ma：地壳缩短和加厚阶段,以盖层大规模强烈褶皱、逆冲带,盖层与基底之间向南的滑脱变形为特征,伴随深熔和巴罗式变质作用;② 220~190 Ma：地壳减压折返阶段,大量花岗岩侵位在中晚三叠世浊积岩中、形成片麻岩穹隆并伴随巴肯式变质作用。由于花岗质岩浆的高度分异及岩浆不混溶作用,导致侵位在片麻岩穹隆顶部伸展空间的伟晶岩稀有金属富集成矿。此外,伟晶岩型锂矿科学钻探(JSD)揭示了甲基卡矿集区多层次穹状花岗岩席控制含锂伟晶岩脉的成矿机制,推测大规模中下地壳基底深熔驱动岩浆上升,岩浆体沿上地壳中的构造面推叠形成岩席。     

Refertilization of serpentinites in the Sulu UHP terrane,Eastern China: constraints from geochronology,mineral composition,geochemistry, and Re–Os isotopes

ABSTRACT

Serpentinites from Junan (JN), Rizhao (RZ), and Rongcheng (RC) in the Sulu ultra-high-pressure (UHP) terrane, China, were analysed for U–Pb zircon geochronology, mineral chemistry, whole-rock major and trace element chemistry (including rare-earth elements (REEs) and platinum-group elements (PGEs)), and Re–Os isotopes, in order to better constrain their petrogenesis and geodynamic process. The serpentinite zircons yield two age groups: 731 ± 10 to 780 ± 10 Ma for relic magmatic zircon cores, which may indicate early crystallization and emplacement of the peridotite in the Yangtze crust, and 209 ± 2 to 218 ± 3 Ma for metamorphic zircon, which coincides with Triassic UHP metamorphism. The spinels in the serpentinites exhibit significant Cr# variation (0.6–0.91) and have undergone multi-stage metamorphism. The serpentinites are characterized by enrichment in incompatible trace elements, low Ni and IPGE concentrations, and high Pd/Ir ratios, and the bulk-rock major elements plot in the ultramafic cumulate region. Their Re and Os concentrations are similar to those of typical orogenic peridotite, but they have high ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios (0.12433–0.14423). We believe that the serpentinite’s protolith consisted of cumulates from an asthenosphere-derived melt that intruded into the continental crust of the Yangtze craton in the Neoproterozoic. These cumulates were later subducted and metamorphosed during the subduction of the Yangtze craton in the Triassic. The serpentinites underwent melt–rock interactions and fluid enrichment, both prior to and during serpentinization.     

Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the forbidden zone: the Xugou garnet peridotite, Sulu terrane, eastern China

The Xugou garnet peridotite body of the southern Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terrane is enclosed in felsic gneiss, bounded by faults, and consists of harzburgite and lenses of garnet clinopyroxenite and eclogite. The peridotite is composed of variable amounts of olivine (Fo₉₁), enstatite (En_92?93), garnet (Alm_20?23Prp_53?58Knr_6?9Grs_12?18), diopside and rare chromite. The ultramafic protolith has a depleted residual mantle composition, indicated by a high‐Mg number, very low CaO, Al₂O₃ and total REE contents compared to primary mantle and other Sulu peridotites. Most garnet (Prp_44?58) clinopyroxenites are foliated. Except for rare kyanite‐bearing eclogitic bands, most eclogites contain a simple assemblage of garnet (Alm_29?34Prp_32?50Grs_15?39) + omphacite (Jd_24?36) + minor rutile. Clinopyroxenite and eclogite exhibit LREE‐depleted and LREE‐enriched patterns, respectively, but both have flat HREE patterns. Normalized La, Sm and Yb contents indicate that both eclogite and garnet clinopyroxenite formed by high‐pressure crystal accumulation (+ variable trapped melt) from melts resulting from two‐stage partial melting of a mantle source. Recrystallized textures and P–T estimates of 780–870 °C, 5–7 GPa and a metamorphic age of 231 ± 11 Ma indicate that both mafic and ultramafic protoliths experienced Triassic UHP metamorphism in the P–T forbidden zone with an extremely low thermal gradient (< 5 °C km^?1), and multistage retrograde recrystallization during exhumation. Develop of prehnite veins in clinopyroxenite, eclogite, felsic blocks and country rock gneiss, and replacements of eclogitic minerals by prehnite, albite, white mica, and K‐feldspar indicate low‐temperature metasomatism.     

Metamorphism of the Amdo metamorphic complex,Tibet: implications for the Jurassic tectonic evolution of the Bangong suture zone

Tibet consists of several terranes that progressively collided with the southern margin of Asia during the Mesozoic following the closure of intervening ocean basins. This Mesozoic amalgamation history, as well as the extent to which it may have contributed to crustal thickening prior to the Cenozoic Indo‐Asia collision, remains poorly constrained and strongly debated. Here, we present a metamorphic petrological and U‐Pb zircon geochronological study of the Amdo metamorphic complex, one of the few exposures of high‐grade metamorphic rocks in central Tibet, located along the Bangong suture between the Qiangtang terrane to the north and the Lhasa terrane to the south. U‐Pb ages of metamorphic zircon in gneiss constrain the timing of peak metamorphism at c. 178 Ma, prior to the Early Cretaceous collision between the two terranes. Peak P–T conditions of gneiss within the metamorphic complex are constrained by conventional as well as multi‐equilibrium (THERMOCALC v.3.21 and v.3.33) geothermobarometry of two samples of garnet‐amphibolite. Whereas THERMOCALC v.3.21 yields similar results as conventional geothermobarometry, THERMOCALC v. 3.33 yields dramatically lower pressures, mostly due to the change in the amphibole activity model used. Using THERMOCALC v.3.21, the two garnet‐amphibolite samples yield similar P–T conditions of 0.83 ± 0.06 GPa at 646 ± 33 °C and 0.97 ± 0.06 GPa at 704 ± 35 °C. Plagioclase coronas on the garnet‐amphibolite sample with lower peak P–T conditions indicate a period of isothermal decompression. Additional geothermometry on two garnet‐free amphibolites yielded similar temperatures of 700–750 °C and suggests similar P–T conditions across most of the complex. However, two exposures of garnet‐kyanite schist located along the southern edge of the metamorphic complex yielded slightly lower peak conditions of 0.75–0.85 GPa and 550–610 °C. Petrographic and field relations suggest the difference in metamorphic grade between the schist and gneiss is due to an intervening thrust fault. The existence of the thrust fault indicates that at least part of the exhumation of the complex was due to contractional deformation, possibly during the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision. Our P–T–t results indicate the occurrence of a significant Early Jurassic tectonothermal event along the southern, active margin of the Qiangtang terrane that deeply buried the Amdo rocks. We suggest that the metamorphism is a result of arc‐related tectonism that may have been regionally extensive along the southern Qiangtang terrane; geological records of this tectonism may be rarely exposed along strike because of a lack of exhumation or subsequent depositional and structural burial.