浙西南八都群古元古代和三叠纪变质和岩浆事件的年代学证据

本文对华夏地块浙西南八都群片麻岩和侵入其中的花岗岩进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,八都群片麻岩中的碎屑锆石普遍发育~1882 Ma的(变质)增生边,而侵入八都群花岗岩的结晶时代集中在1861~1841 Ma。综合本文及前人获得的岩石学和同位素年代学数据可知,华夏地块在古元古代晚期(1890~1850Ma)发生了一次强烈的造山事件,该期造山很可能与Columbia超大陆的聚合作用密切相关,华夏地块可能为Columbia超大陆的一个陆块。除此之外,本研究还在八都杂岩中获得了三叠纪变质锆石年龄(235±1)Ma,综合前人发表资料可知,这些古元古代基底岩石遭受了强烈的印支期改造,可能与华南大陆印支期造山作用相关。然而,关于古元古代基底的三叠纪变形变质、抬升和出露过程及其与印支期构造演化的内在联系,仍有待进一步研究。     

龙首山岩群成岩时代探讨

文中利用颗粒锆石 U- Pb法获得了龙首山岩群奥长花岗岩 2 0 15± 16 Ma的上交点年龄和 4 5 2±16 Ma下交点年龄 ,上交点代表成岩的时代 ,下交点揭示的为广泛发育的加里东期同碰撞热构造事件 ;结合 Sm-Nd、Rb- Sr法的年龄数据和区域地质对比 ,认为龙首山岩群成岩时代属古元古代 ,它反映的是华北陆台除 2 5 0 0 Ma和 180 0 Ma之外 ,又一重要构造 -热事件     

The Relationships between Effective Porosity,Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Sonic Velocity of Intact Borrowdale Volcanic Group Core Samples from Sellafield

The effective porosity, saturated sonic velocity and saturated uniaxial compressive strength were determined on a large number of Borrowdale Volcanic Group volcaniclastic core samples from three boreholes at Sellafield, Cumbria. The work formed part of the UK Nirex Limited site investigation into whether the Sellafield area could be suitable as a repository for intermediate and low level radioactive waste. Most of the intact samples were of low to very low effective porosity, had a high sonic velocity and were very strong to extremely strong. However, a proportion of values deviated significantly from this. Bivariate analysis showed a negative relationship exists between sonic velocity and effective porosity. The cross plots of these two parameters with uniaxial compressive strength showed a wide range of strength values for samples of low effective porosity and high sonic velocity. Six failure types were identified during the uniaxial compressive strength tests. The strongest samples tended to fail through the matrix and the weakest rock samples tended to fail through haematized material or along haematized veins. Effective porosity and sonic velocity measurements could not distinguish between those samples that failed through the matrix and those that failed along discrete narrow veins. The presence of narrow haematized veins has a major effect on the intact rock strength.     

Petrology of the greenstones of the Lower Sorachi Group in the Sorachi–Yezo Belt, central Hokkaido, Japan, with special reference to discrimination between oceanic plateau basalts and mid-oceanic ridge basalts

Abstract   The Lower Sorachi Group of the Sorachi–Yezo Belt in central Hokkaido, Japan is a peculiar accretionary complex characterized by numerous occurrences of greenstones (metabasalts and diabases), which are mostly composed of aphyric basalts. Clinopyroxene-rich phenocryst assemblage in phyric basalts is different from olivine–plagioclase assemblage in mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). The greenstones are geochemically uniform, and show a lower-Ti trend than MORB in an FeO*/MgO-TiO₂ diagram, mostly plotting on the island arc tholeiite (IAT) field in a TiO₂−10MnO−10P₂O₅ diagram. In a MORB-normalized spider diagram, the greenstones show a flat pattern from P to Y, which are lower than those of normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt (N-MORB). These indicate that the greenstones were derived by a higher degree of partial melting from a depleted mantle similar to a N-MORB source, and experienced olivine–clinopyroxene fractional crystallization. However, a positive spike of Nb in the spider diagram cannot be explained, and may be attributed to mantle heterogeneity. These characteristics are analogous to those of oceanic plateau basalts (OPB) such as in Ontong Java Plateau, Manihiki Plateau and Nauru Basin, suggesting that the greenstones in the Lower Sorachi Group are of oceanic plateau origin. The present study proposes new field divisions to distinguish OPB from MORB in the conventional FeO*/MgO–TiO₂ and TiO₂−10MnO−10P₂O₅ diagrams.     

胶北地区粉子山群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及其对胶-辽-吉带构造演化的制约

胶北地区粉子山群和荆山群是胶-辽-吉带重要的组成部分, 对粉子山群和荆山群中碎屑锆石的年龄分布和Hf同位素特征的研究, 有助于深入认识胶-辽-吉带古元古代构造演化过程。对粉子山群小宋组、张格庄组和巨屯组中碎屑锆石U-Pb定年结果表明, 其锆石谐和年龄分布在1842~3663Ma之间, 其中13颗锆石的变质边给出了1842~1877Ma的变质年龄, 指示粉子山群经历了古元古代晚期变质作用, 与荆山群变质作用时代一致。本次研究的三个组中都存在2.2~2.1Ga的碎屑锆石, 结合前人研究成果, 粉子山群主体应沉积于2.1~1.9Ga。粉子山群碎屑锆石的年龄峰和ε_Hf(t)值与胶北地区早前寒武纪岩浆岩基本一致, 表明其碎屑物质很有可能来自胶北地体。另外在巨屯组样品中发现约17%的新太古代晚期碎屑锆石具有明显偏低的ε_Hf(t)值(-5.79~-2.44), 可能由早期岩浆岩部分熔融而成, 这也暗示胶北~2.5Ga不仅发生大规模的初生地壳生长, 还存在早期地壳的重熔。粉子山群和荆山群碎屑锆石年龄分布特征基本一致, 均含有胶北特征的年龄峰(~2.7Ga和~2.9Ga), 结合二者空间分布特征、一致的变质作用时代以及顺时针的P-T-t轨迹, 本文认为粉子山群和荆山群可能均沉积于胶北地体一侧, 并随胶北地体向东南俯冲。

     

阿拉善地块中元古代诺尔公群的构造变形特征

阿拉善地块作为华北板块的重要组成部分及关键的构造单元,经历了不同时期构造热事件的叠加作用。本文选取阿拉善地块巴音诺尔公地区出露的中元古代诺尔公群进行研究,总结了这些前寒武纪岩石的几何学、运动学及显微构造特征,并对其构造格架、变形期次进行了初步划分。研究表明,中元古代诺尔公群内部至少存在两期变形,早期变形表现为原始层理的片理化过程,形成了区域走向近NE-SW向的片理;而晚期变形则表现为顺片理走向的右行走滑剪切作用。结合前人已有研究成果及年代学资料,认为中元古代诺尔公群的内部变形主要受到石炭纪-二叠纪查干础鲁弧后盆地向阿拉善微陆块之下俯冲作用的控制,俯冲作用造成了NW-SE向的挤压,从而发生了早期片理化,而随后顺俯冲带走向的走滑作用则调节了挤压造成的缩短。     

平邑盆地官庄群湖相碳酸盐岩的古地理意义

[摘 要] 本文旨在以平邑盆地官庄群湖相碳酸盐岩为例,研究湖相碳酸盐岩的古地理指示意义。以沉积学理论为指导,依据野外露头剖面分析了平邑盆地古近纪官庄群的地层及其沉积特点,结合盆地的形成及演化,分析了古生物、古气候、物源、水介质物理化学条件等沉积环境条件,明确了官庄群湖相碳酸盐岩沉积时的古地理格局与特征。研究表明平邑盆地在古近纪官庄群沉积时为温暖的内陆淡水湖泊环境,构造活动相对静止,地形平坦,有利于湖泊相碳酸盐岩沉积,且碳酸盐岩集中发育在浅水、中等偏低能量、低陆源碎屑物质的环境。从而说明湖相碳酸盐岩地层形成的古地理背景为构造活动平静、地形平坦、浅水低能沉积环境。     

An unusual fluvial to tidal transition in the mesoarchean Moodies Group, South Africa: A response to high tidal range and active tectonics

The Moodies Group in the Dycedale Syncline, Barberton Greenstone Belt consists of a 100–130 m-thick upward-fining succession that exhibits a transition from fluvial to tide-modified sedimentation. A basal, 10–30 m-thick conglomerate–sandstone interval of alluvial origin is overlain by stacked upward-fining, decimeter- to meter-scale cycles within which three facies are recognized: 1) conglomerate lag; 2) cross-bedded sandstone; and 3) interlaminated sandstone–siltstone and mudstone. Within the cycles, the abundance of mudstone drapes increases upwards. Structureless conglomerates and cross-beds lacking mudstone drapes record braided-alluvial processes. In contrast, cross-beds with mudstone drapes and interlaminated sandstone–siltstone and mudstone are products of flows modified by various tidal beats. Sand and/or silt transport took place during the ebb and flood stages and mudstone accumulated during slack water phases. Alternating thick–thin laminations reflect dominant and subordinate, twice-daily tides. Thicker groupings of foresets and thicker intervals of vertically stacked sandstone–siltstone and mudstone laminations are interpreted as spring tide deposits whereas thinner groupings of foresets and thinner laminations record neap tides. Desiccated mudstone drapes on foresets indicate that bedforms rarely were locally exposed during some portion of the tidal cycle. Abundant exposure structures in the interlaminated sandstone–siltstone and mudstone facies indicate that the cycles are upward shoaling. The stacked upward-fining cycles are attributed to alternating subaerial exposure and fluvial influx followed by marine inundation, probably related to absolute sea level fluctuations. Lack of high-order vegetation on the Archean landscape promoted rapid lateral migration or avulsion of tidally influenced fluvial channels.

The association of facies within the 100–130 m-thick upward-fining succession is comparable to Holocene and ancient paleovalley fills characterized by basal alluvial gradational upwards into estuarine facies. However, in the absence of vegetation, the land–ocean interface in the Archean probably consisted of laterally extensive fan or braid deltas rather than point sources of sediment characteristic of most modern rivers. The abrupt up-section change from syntectonic, high-energy, alluvial–fluvial flash flood deposits to tide-influenced sedimentation implies a proximal source that provided sediment to a shoreline influenced by strong tidal action. Possible Holocene analogues are orogenic settings such as the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand, the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and strike-slip settings such as the Gulf of Aqaba but all three examples lack a direct transition to tidally influenced sedimentation.     

Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary palaeogeography of the Western Carpathians (Slovakia) and the Eastern Alps (Austria): implications from heavy mineral data

The Late Cretaceous Brezová and Myjava Groups of the Western Carpathians in Slovakia and formations of the Gosau Group of the Northern Calcareous Alps in Lower Austria comprise similar successions of alluvial/shallow marine deposits overlain by deep water hemipelagic sediments and turbidites. In both areas the heavy mineral spectra of Late Cretaceous sediments contain significant amounts of detrital chrome spinel. In the Early Tertiary the amount of garnet increases. Cluster analysis and correspondence analysis of Coniacian/Santonian and Campanian/Early Maastrichtian heavy mineral data indicate strong similarities between the Gosau deposits of the Lunz Nappe of the north-eastern part of the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Brezova Group of the Western Carpathians. Similar source areas and a similar palaeogeographical position at the northern active margin of the Adriatic/Austroalpine plate are therefore suggested for the two tectonic units.Basin subsidence mechanisms within the Late Cretaceous of the Northern Calcareous Alps are correlated with the Western Carpathians. Subsidence during the Campanian-Maastrichtian is interpreted as a consequence of subduction tectonic erosion along the active northern margin of the Adriatic/Austroalpine plate. Analogous facies and heavy mineral associations from deep water sandstones of the Manin Unit and the Klape Unit indicate accretion of parts of the Pieniny Klippen Belt during the Late Cretaceous along the Adriatic/Austroalpine margin.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and pore-water and the paleoenvironmental evolution in the past 3.10 Ma in the Xiong’an New Area,North China

The groundwater level has been continuously decreasing due to climate change and long-time overexploitation in the Xiong’an New Area, North China, which caused the enhanced mixing of groundwater in different aquifers and significant changes in regional groundwater chemistry characteristics. In this study, groundwater and sediment pore-water in drilling cores obtained from a 600 m borehole were investigated to evaluate hydrogeochemical processes in shallow and deep aquifers and paleo-environmental evolution in the past ca. 3.10 Ma. Results showed that there was no obvious change overall in chemical composition along the direction of groundwater runoff, but different hydrochemical processes occurred in shallow and deep groundwater in the vertical direction. Shallow groundwater (< 150 m) in the Xiong’an New Area was characterized by high salinity (TDS > 1000 mg/L) and high concentrations of Mn and Fe, while deep groundwater had better water quality with lower salinity. The high TDS values mostly occurred in aquifers with depth < 70 m and >500 m below land surface. Water isotopes showed that aquifer pore-water mostly originated from meteoric water under the influence of evaporation, and aquitard pore-water belonged to Paleo meteoric water. In addition, the evolution of the paleoclimate since 3.10 Ma BP was reconstructed, and four climate periods were determined by the δ¹⁸O profiles of pore-water and sporopollen records from sediments at different depths. It can be inferred that the Quaternary Pleistocene (0.78–2.58 Ma BP) was dominated by the cold and dry climate of the glacial period, with three interglacial intervals of warm and humid climate. What’s more, this study demonstrates the possibilities of the applications of pore-water on the hydrogeochemical study and further supports the finding that pore-water could retain the feature of paleo-sedimentary water.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.