The origin of variable-δ18O zircons in Jurassic and Cretaceous Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt,Northeast China

This study reports new zircon U–Pb ages, Lu–Hf isotope data, and oxygen isotope data for Mesozoic Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB) of Northeast China, within the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Combining these new laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb ages with the results of previous research indicates that two stages of Mo-bearing granitoid magmatism occurred in the eastern XMOB, during the Early–Middle Jurassic (200–165 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (ca. 111 Ma). The eastern XMOB also contains Mo-bearing granitoids with variable δ¹⁸O compositions that record variations in source oxygen isotopic compositions. Combining δ¹⁸O data with zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data provides evidence of the origin of these granitoids. Three types of zircon have been identified within these granitoids. Type 1 zircons formed during the Mesozoic and having high δ¹⁸O values (5.71–7.05‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Luming, Jiapigou, and Kanchuangou areas. These zircons suggest that the Mo-bearing granitoids were derived from a source containing supracrustal materials. The type 2 zircons have extremely low and heterogeneous δ¹⁸O values (4.64–4.89‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Jidetun and Fuanpu areas. These magmas were generated by the remelting of juvenile crustal material that was previously significantly modified by interaction with fluids. Type 3 zircons generally have mantle-like δ¹⁸O values (5.42–5.57‰), with several zircons yielding higher δ¹⁸O values, suggesting that these intrusions formed from mantle-derived magmas that assimilated and were metasomatized by crustal material. Combining these geochemical data with the geology of this region indicates that the Mo-bearing granitoids were generated as a result of subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.     

The onset of post-collisional magmatism in the Macururé Domain,Sergipano Orogenic System: The Glória Norte Stock

In the northern-central portion of the Sergipano Orogenic System there is an expressive Neoproterozoic granitic magmatism with high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic affinities. The Glória Norte Stock (GNS, 45 km²) is the most important representative of the shoshonitic magmatism in one the domains of the Sergipano System, the Macururé. The contacts of the stock with the host metasedimentary rocks are discordant and steep, with generation of amphibolite facies hornfels. The GNS is made up of predominantly porphyritic quartz-monzonite and monzogranite. It shows a magmatic flow foliation defined by oriented mafic enclaves and feldspar phenocrysts, without evidence for solid state regional deformation. Mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) are abundant and present different sizes and shapes. Minette and biotite diopside cumulate enclaves are also present. Coexistence between two different magmas is indicated by crystal corrosion and dissolution textures, compositional zoning of feldspar and presence of clusters of mafic minerals. Grain size decrease towards the rims of the MME indicates fast cooling of small drops of mafic magma, due to temperature contrast with the felsic magma. The monzonites and granites of the GNS have shoshonitic affinity, and the enclaves are related to ultrapotassic suites (MgO > 3%, K₂O > 3%). LREE are enriched as compared to HREE, and there are remarkable negative anomalies of Ta, Nb, Ti, P, Sr and Eu, mostly in the enclaves. The MME have been probably formed from a mantellic magma with shoshonitic affinity. The observed evolution from MME to quartz-monzonites and monzogranites is essentially linked to a process of fractional crystallization. The relations between Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios suggest enriched mantle as a possible source of this magmatism. The relative enrichment in Rb, Th, Ce and Sm indicates that magma was generated in post-collisional events. The U-Pb_SHRIMP age of 588 ± 5 Ma in zircon crystals indicates that the emplacement of the GNS represents a post-collisional magmatism, marking the end of collisional processes in the Macururé Domain.     

班公湖-怒江洋形成演化新视角:兼论西藏中部古-新特提斯转换

班公湖-怒江洋的形成演化是认识班公湖-怒江成矿带成矿地质背景的关键,近几年中国地质调查局在青藏高原部署了大量1∶50000区域地质调查工作,取得了很多重要发现。对班公湖-怒江结合带两侧关键性海陆沉积地层对比研究,认为南羌塘地块与拉萨地块晚古生代-晚三叠世地层沉积特征及岩石组合基本一致,二者在班公湖-怒江中生代洋盆形成以前是一个整体,为冈瓦纳大陆北缘被动陆缘环境。班公湖-怒江洋在早中侏罗世裂解形成,至中侏罗世趋于稳定且范围最大;向北俯冲消减作用始于中晚侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世演化为残留海,早白垩世中晚期出现短暂的裂解,致使海水重新灌入;晚白垩世班公湖-怒江洋盆进入闭合后的隆升造山阶段,发生了残留盆地迁移,形成了磨拉石建造。班公湖-怒江洋类似古加勒比海(现今墨西哥湾地区)的形成机制,并与大西洋、太平洋的形成过程关系密切。对于班公湖-怒江洋的闭合和冈底斯弧的形成,本文提出了另一种可能解释,即,新特提斯洋向北俯冲下,岩浆弧逐步南迁,在弧后形成了一系列伸展性质的弧后盆地,两者组成微陆块由北向南逐渐增生形成了现今的拉萨地体,持续向北俯冲也导致了班公湖-怒江洋最终闭合。     

秦祁结合部清水-张家川基性岩形成时代和构造归属探讨

中央造山系北缘发育完整的早古生代"弧-盆"体系,而其洋内弧盆体系还是陆缘弧盆体系属性的确定,可为原特提斯域古板块构造格局和中央造山系早期造山过程的恢复提供依据。秦岭-祁连结合部清水-张家川地区出露的与原特提斯洋俯冲作用相关的基性岩形成时代和构造归属的探究,是解决中央造山系早古生代洋-陆转换过程以及东西链接等科学问题的重要内容之一。清水-张家川地区主要出露块状、枕状玄武岩以及少量辉绿岩墙和硅质岩夹层,玄武岩和辉绿岩明显富集Th、LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti元素,而Th/Nb比值则分为1. 09～2. 04和0. 18～0. 73两组,分别与岛弧和弧后裂谷熔岩相一致。另外,这些基性岩具较高的Th/Yb和εNd(t)(+4. 4～+4. 8)值,显示岩浆来自受洋壳沉积物混染的亏损地幔源区。最新LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示辉绿岩墙形成于500±3Ma。结合区域岩石地层资料,综合分析表明清水-张家川地区基性岩形成于寒武纪,早于晚奥陶世酸性火山岩和侵入岩。它们与其东、西侧北秦岭和北祁连构造带内的寒武纪-早奥陶世洋内弧和弧后盆地岩浆岩共同构成了原特提斯洋北缘早古生代洋内弧-盆体系。     

安徽高家塝钨钼矿床花岗闪长质侵入岩岩浆起源和演化及其对成矿能力的约束

安徽高家塝钨钼矿床位于江南过渡带,为一大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,矿体赋存于小型花岗闪长斑岩体及其内外接触带中,紧邻的大型花岗闪长岩体中未见矿化。为查明制约两者成矿能力差异的原因,本文从岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、黑云母矿物化学、岩石地球化学等方面分别对矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体开展了系统的对比研究。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩成岩年龄为145. 1±2. 1Ma～144. 9±2. 2Ma,花岗闪长岩为142. 5±1. 8Ma～141. 8±1. 6Ma,前者侵位结晶稍早于后者。两者具有近于一致的主量、微量、稀土和Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,显示矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体是由同一岩浆活动先后侵位到相近空间所形成,其原始岩浆具有相同的壳幔混合来源,即上涌的幔源玄武质岩浆与由其底侵引起挤压加厚的扬子下地壳部分熔融岩浆的混合,与长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区中酸性侵入岩不同的是,岩浆在上升过程中或滞留于浅位岩浆房中时明显地同化混染了扬子上地壳物质。然而,起源相同的花岗闪长质岩浆历经演化并先后侵位结晶时,其岩浆特征和结晶条件发生了显著变化,表现为:花岗闪长斑岩结晶时继承大量元古代锆石,花岗闪长岩则较少见有继承锆石,综合两者岩体特征和侵位结晶条件,显示前者岩浆熔体规模小、岩浆温度低、冷却结晶较快,岩体形成于富含F、Cl和相对还原的环境;而后者岩浆熔体规模巨大,岩浆温度相对较高,冷却结晶慢,岩体形成于贫F、Cl和相对氧化的环境。这在一定程度上影响了矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体的成矿能力,演化早期偏还原性的花岗闪长斑岩岩浆以及其中较高的F、Cl含量更有利于钨富集于岩浆期后热液流体中,进而形成大型钨(钼)矿床。此外,相较于大型花岗闪长岩体而言,浅成侵位的小型花岗闪长斑岩体具有更为发育的裂隙系统以及受围岩更大影响而发生强烈矽卡岩化,也为矿质富集和沉淀提供了有利条件。本文研究为皖南地区钨(钼)矿床的找矿勘探及成矿模式的建立提供了新依据。     

Macro‐and Microstructural,Textural Fabrics and Deformation Mechanism of Calcite Mylonites from Xar Moron‐Changchun Dextral Shear Zone,Northeast China

The calcite mylonites in the Xar Moron-Changchun shear zone show a significance dextral shearing characteristics. The asymmetric(σ-structure) calcite/quartz grains or aggregates, asymmetry of calcite c-axes fabric diagrams and the oblique foliation of recrystallized calcite grains correspond to a top-to-E shearing. Mineral deformation behaviors, twin morphology, C-axis EBSD fabrics, and quartz grain size-frequency diagrams demonstrate that the ductile shear zone was developed under conditions of greenschist facies, with the range of deformation temperatures from 200 to 300°C. These subgrains of host grains and surrounding recrystallized grains, strong undulose extinction, and slightly curved grain boundaries are probably results of intracrystalline deformation and dynamic recrystallization implying that the deformation took place within the dislocation-creep regime at shallow crustal levels. The calculated paleo-strain rates are between 10~(–7.87)s~(–1) and 10~(–11.49)s~(–1) with differential stresses of 32.63–63.94 MPa lying at the higher bound of typical strain rates in shear zones at crustal levels, and may indicate a relatively rapid deformation. The S-L-calcite tectonites have undergone a component of uplift which led to subhorizontal lifting in an already non-coaxial compressional deformation regime with a bulk pure shear-dominated general shear. This E-W large-scale dextral strike-slip movement is a consequence of the eastward extrusion of the Xing'an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt, and results from far-field forces associated with Late Triassic convergence domains after the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.     

Geological Characteristics and Metallogenic Setting of Representative Magmatic Cu‐Ni Deposits in the Tianshan‐Xingmeng Orogenic Belt,Central Asia

A great number of magmatic Cu-Ni deposits(including Kalatongke in Xinjiang and Hongqiling in Jilin) are distributed over a distance of almost 3000 km across the Tianshan-Xingmeng Orogenic Belt, from Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang in the west, to Jilin in eastern China in the east. These deposits were formed during a range of magmatic episodes from the Devonian to the Triassic. Significant magmatic Cu-Ni-Co-PGE deposits were formed from the Devonian period in the Nalati arc(e.g. Jingbulake Cu-Ni in Xinjiang), Carboniferous period in the Puerjin-Ertai arc(e.g. Kalatongke Cu-Ni-Co-PGE in Xinjiang), Carboniferous period in the Dananhu-Touquan arc(e.g. Huangshandong, Xiangshan and Tulaergen in estern Tianshan, Xinjiang) to Triassic period in the Hulan arc(e.g. Hongqiling Cu-Ni in Jilin). In addition to the overall tectonic, geologic and distribution of magmatic Cu-Ni deposits in the Tianshan-Xingmeng Orogenic Belt, the metallogenic setting, deposit geology and mineralization characteristics of each deposit mentioned above are summarized in this paper. Geochronologic data of Cu-Ni deposits indicate that, from west to east, the metallogenic ages in the Tianshan-Xingmeng Orogenic Belt changed with time, namely, from the Late Caledonian(～440 Ma), through the Late Hercynian(300–265 Ma) to the Late Indosinian(225–200 Ma). Such variation could reflect a gradual scissor type closure of the paleo Asian ocean between the Siberia Craton and the North China Craton from west to east.     

Two‐Stage Sulfide Mineral Assemblages in the Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit (Yunnan,SW China): Implications for Metallogenic Evolution

The Laowangzhai gold deposit, located in the Ailaoshan gold belt (SW China), is hosted in various types of rocks, including in quartz porphyry, carbonaceous slate, meta‐sandstone, lamprophyre, and altered ultramafic rocks. In contrast to other wall rocks, the orebodies in altered ultramafic rocks are characterized by the occurrence of a large amount of Ni‐bearing minerals. The ore‐forming process of the orebodies hosted by altered ultramafic rocks can be divided into two stages: pyrite‐vaesite‐native gold and gersdorffite‐violarite stages. The contents of As and Sb increased during the evolution of ore‐forming fluid based on the mineral assemblages. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni‐Cu‐As‐Fe‐S system using the SUPCRT92 software package with the updated database of slop16.dat indicates the fS₂ in ore‐forming fluid decreases significantly from stage I to stage II. The decreases of fS₂ due to crystallization of sulfides and fO₂ due to fluid–rock reaction were responsible for ore formation in altered ultramafic rocks of the Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geological evidence, the in situ sulfur isotope values of pyrite, and the other published isotopic data suggest that the ore‐forming fluid for ultramafic rock ores was dominantly composed of evolved magmatic fluid with the important input of sediments.     

Attribution of the Langshan Tectonic Belt: Evidence from zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions

This study describes a previously unidentified Neoproterozoic mafic dyke emplaced in the northern flank of the Langshan Tectonic Belt. This dyke intruded into the micaquartz schist of the Zhaertaishan Group, and yielded an age of 908 ± 8 Ma. The youngest U-Pb ages of micaquartz schist from the Zhaertaishan Group in the Langshan area were 1118 ± 33 Ma,1187 ± 3 Ma and 1189 ± 39 Ma,suggesting that the depositional age of the protolith of the schist was between 908 ± 8 Ma and 1118 ± 33 Ma. In addition, 436 U-Pb age data and 155 Lu-Hf isotopic data from six samples in the Langshan Tectonic Belt and one Permian greywacke from the Wuhai area show distinct differences between the northern and southern flanks of the Main Langshan area. The U-Pb ages of the northern flank are primarily Meso-Neoproterozoic; similar ages have not been identified in the southern flank to date.Moreover, two-stage Hf model ages of the northern flank feature three age peaks at ～900 Ma,～1700 Ma and ～2600 Ma; this differs from Hf model ages of the southern flank, which feature one strong age peak at ～2700 Ma. These results suggest that the northern and southern flanks of the Main Langshan area have different geochronologic characteristics and should be divided further. Based on the U-Pb ages and Hf model ages, the northern and southern flanks of the Main Langshan area are named the North and South Langshan Tectonic Belts. Comparison of the U-Pb age and two-stage Hf model age distributions from the North Langshan Tectonic Belt, South Langshan Tectonic Belt, Alxa Block and the North China Craton(NCC) reveal that the North Langshan Tectonic Belt is similar to the Alxa Block and that the South Langshan Tectonic Belt is similar to the NCC. In addition, the zircon U-Pb age of 860 ±7 Ma commonly observed in the Alxa Block was detected in the Permian greywacke from the Wuhai area of the NCC, which suggests that the amalgamation of the North and South Langshan Tectonic belts(i.e.,the amalgamation of the Alxa Block and the NCC), occurred between Devonian and late Permian.     

Ore-forming fluids associated with granite-hosted gold mineralization at the Sanshandao deposit, Jiaodong gold province, China

The Sanshandao gold deposit, with total resources of more than 60 t of gold, is located in the Jiaodong gold province, the most important gold province of China. The deposit is a typical highly fractured and altered, disseminated gold system, with high-grade, quartz-sulphide vein/veinlet stockworks that cut Mesozoic granodiorite. There are four stages of veins that developed in the following sequence: (1) quartz-K-feldspar-sericite; (2) quartz-pyrite±arsenopyrite; (3) quartz-base metal sulfide; and (4) quartz-carbonate. Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite in vein/veinlet stockworks contain C-O-H fluids of three main types. The first type consists of dilute CO₂–H₂O fluids coeval with the early vein stage. Molar volumes of these CO₂–H₂O fluid inclusions, ranging from 50–60 cm³/mol, yield estimated minimum trapping pressures of 3 kbar. Homogenization temperatures, obtained mainly from CO₂–H₂O inclusions with lower CO₂ concentration, range from 267–375 °C. The second inclusion type, with a CO₂–H₂O±CH₄ composition, was trapped during the main mineralizing stages. These fluids may reflect the CO₂–H₂O fluids that were modified by fluid/rock reactions with altered wallrocks. Isochores for CO₂-H₂O±CH₄ inclusions, with homogenization temperatures ranging from 204–325 °C and molar volumes from 55 to 70 cm³/mol, provide an estimated minimum trapping pressure of 1.2 kbar. The third inclusion type, aqueous inclusions, trapped in cross-cutting microfractures in quartz and randomly in calcite, are post-mineralization, and have homogenization temperatures between 143–228 °C and salinities from 0.71–7.86 wt% NaCl equiv. Stable isotope data show that the metamorphic fluid contribution is minimal and that ore fluids are of magmatic origin, most likely sourced from 120–126 Ma mafic to intermediate dikes. This is consistent with the carbonic nature of the fluid, and the cross-cutting nature of those deposits relative to the host Mesozoic granitoid.Editorial handling: R.J. Goldfarb