West Pacific and North Indian Ocean Seafloor and Their Ocean-Continent Connection Zones: Evolution and Debates

The Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean and their ocean-continent connection zones are the core area of "the Belt and Road". Scientific and in-depth recognition to the natural environment, disaster distribution, resources, energy potential of “the Belt and Road” development, is the cut-in point of the current Earth science community to serve urgent national needs. This paper mainly discusses the following key tectonic problems in the West Pacific and North Indian oceans and their ocean-continent connection zones (OCCZs): 1. modern marine geodynamic problems related to the two oceans. Based on the research and development needs to the two oceans and the ocean-continent transition zones, this item includes the following questions. (1) Plate origin, growth, death and evolution in the two oceans, for example, 1) The initial origin and process of the triangle Pacific Plate including causes and difference of the Galapagos and West Shatsky microplates; 2) spatial and temporal process, present status and trends of the plates within the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific Ocean to the evolution of the East Asian Continental Domain; 3) origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean and assembly and dispersal of supercontinents. (2) Latest research progress and problems of mid-oceanic ridges: 1) the ridge-hot spot interaction and ridge accretion, how to think about the relationship between vertical accretion behavior of thousands years or tens of thousands years and lateral spreading of millions years at 0 Ma mid-oceanic ridges; 2) the difference of formation mechanisms between the back-arc basin extension and the normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading; 3) the differentials between ultra-slow dian Ocean and the rapid Pacific spreading, whether there are active and passive spreading, and a push force in the mid-oceanic ridge; 4) mid-oceanic ridge jumping and termination: causes of the intra-oceanic plate reorganization, termination, and spatial jumps; 5) interaction of mantle plume and mid-oceanic ridge. (3) On the intra-oceanic subduction and tectonics: 1) the origin of intra-oceanic arc and subduction, ridge subduction and slab window on continental margins, transform faults and transform-type continental margin; 2) causes of the large igneous provinces, oceanic plateaus and seamount chains. (4) The oceanic core complex and rheology of oceanic crust in the Indian Ocean. (5) Advances on the driving force within oceanic plates, including mantle convection, negative buoyancy, trench suction and mid-oceanic ridge push, is reviewed and discussed. 2. The ocean-continent connection zones near the two oceans, including: (1) Property of continental margin basement: the crusts of the Okinawa Trough, the Okhotsk Sea, and east of New Zealand are the continental crusts or oceanic crusts, and origin of micro-continent within the oceans; (2) the ocean-continent transition and coupling process, revealing from the comparison of the major events between the West Pacific Ocean seamount chains and the continental margins, mantle exhumation and the ocean-continent transition zones, causes of transform fault within back-arc basin, formation and subduction of transform-type continental margin; (3) strike-slip faulting between the West Pacific Ocean and the East Asian Continent and its temporal and spatial range and scale; (4) connection between deep and surface processes within the two ocean and their connection zones, namely the assembly among the Eurasian, Pacific and India-Australia plates and the related effect from the deep mantle, lithosphere, to crust and surface Earth system, and some related issues within the connection zones of the two oceans under the super-convergent background. 3. On the relationship, especially their present relations and evolutionary trends, between the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific plates and the Tethyan Belt, the Eurasian Plate or the plates within the Indian Ocean. At last, this paper makes a perspective of the related marine geology, ocean-continent connection zone and in-depth geology for the two oceans and one zone.     

Geochronological Constraints on the Haftcheshmeh Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Ore Deposit, Central Qaradagh Batholith, Arasbaran Metallogenic Belt, Northwest Iran

The Haftcheshmeh porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt(AMB) of NW Iran contains more than 185 Mt of ore, with a grade ranging from 0.3% to 0.4%. It is hosted within a porphyritic diorite to granodiorite intruded into an older gabbro-diorite intrusion. 40 Ar/39 Ar analyses of primary magmatic hornblende from the granodiorite porphyry and gabbro-diorite show plateau ages of 26.41 ± 0.59 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 25.9 ± 1.0 Ma and a plateau age of 27.47 ± 0.17 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 27.48 ± 0.35 Ma for these two rock types, respectively. Comparing these new age data with those from the nearby Sungun(20.69 ± 0.35 Ma) and Kighal porphyry deposits defines a northwest-southeast Cu-Mo-Au mineralization zone extending for 20 km over the time span of ~27 to 20 Ma. Geochemically, Haftcheshmeh rocks are calc-alkaline with high potassium affinities with tectonic setting in relation to volcanic arc setting. Large ion lithophile elements(LILE) such as Th, U and K show enrichment on a primitive mantle normalized diagram(specially Pb), and are depleted in high field strength elements(HFSE) such as Ti and Nb, pointing to a mantle magma source contamination with crustal materials by subducted oceanic crust.     

丝绸之路经济带矿产开发利用状况及“走出去”相关对策建议

近年来,国家对矿产资源的政策有很大转变。在能源结构上,正在减少使用煤炭等污染较大的能源矿产,居民供暖方面未来以天然气为主。同时限制一些高能耗高排放的金属制品。矿产生产方面,在中国,一些储量下降过快或产能过剩污染高的矿产,不再鼓励大量生产和对外出口,同时强调利用国外资源,满足国家需求。对矿产综合利用的重视也提高到了新的高度。丝绸之路经济带国家矿产资源丰富,希望通过吸引国外投资和先进技术,发展本国矿产经济,提高当地居民的生活水平。中国和中亚各国的需求对接,为中国政府、企业、地勘单位进入中亚进行矿产开发奠定了良好的基础。梳理了中国及中亚五国的矿产资源开发利用现状和相关政策,从外部环境、资源互补、环境保护、基础设施等方面分析了中国政府、企业、地勘单位在中亚进行矿产开发存在的机遇和挑战,并针对上述问题,提出了需求对接、资源整合、环境评估、基地建设等相关对策建议。     

河南南召盆地上三叠统碎屑岩地球化学特征及物源示踪

三叠纪是秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山的关键时期,随着扬子、秦岭和华北板块分别沿勉略、商丹缝合带的汇聚拼合, 秦岭造山带逐渐形成并从板块构造体制向陆内造山体制转化,同时强烈的造山作用控制着周缘盆地的形成与演化。文章通 过研究区的碎屑岩元素地球化学分析,对河南南召盆地上三叠统的物源区及构造背景特征进行探讨。结果表明,上三叠统 源岩成分主要为上地壳长英质火山岩;源岩经历了中等的化学风化强度,校正后CIA值指示其形成于温暖潮湿的气候和相 对较强的构造活动环境;太山庙组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,太子山组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧 与被动大陆边缘。根据南召盆地近源沉积特征和秦岭造山带构造演化过程推断,秦岭造山带和华北南缘是南召盆地晚三叠 世的重要物源区,前期太山庙组物源主要由北秦岭隆升基底提供,后期太子山组物源可能来自南秦岭、北秦岭和华北南缘 沉积再循环。南召盆地上三叠统物源区的转变是晚三叠世秦岭造山带逆冲推覆作用逐渐增强的体现,对研究恢复秦岭构造 带造山隆升过程和周缘盆地盆山系统演化具有重要的意义。     

Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries

We have searched 101 Classical transneptunian objects for companions with the Hubble Space Telescope. Of these, at least 21 are binary. The heliocentric inclinations of the objects we observed range from 0.6°-34°. We find a very strong anticorrelation of binaries with inclination. Of the 58 targets that have inclinations of less than 5.5°, 17 are binary, a binary fraction of . All 17 are similar-brightness systems. On the contrary, only 4 of the 42 objects with inclinations greater than 5.5° have satellites and only 1 of these is a similar-brightness binary. This striking dichotomy appears to agree with other indications that the low eccentricity, non-resonant Classical transneptunian objects include two overlapping populations with significantly different physical properties and dynamical histories.     

The origin of variable-δ18O zircons in Jurassic and Cretaceous Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt,Northeast China

This study reports new zircon U–Pb ages, Lu–Hf isotope data, and oxygen isotope data for Mesozoic Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB) of Northeast China, within the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Combining these new laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb ages with the results of previous research indicates that two stages of Mo-bearing granitoid magmatism occurred in the eastern XMOB, during the Early–Middle Jurassic (200–165 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (ca. 111 Ma). The eastern XMOB also contains Mo-bearing granitoids with variable δ¹⁸O compositions that record variations in source oxygen isotopic compositions. Combining δ¹⁸O data with zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data provides evidence of the origin of these granitoids. Three types of zircon have been identified within these granitoids. Type 1 zircons formed during the Mesozoic and having high δ¹⁸O values (5.71–7.05‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Luming, Jiapigou, and Kanchuangou areas. These zircons suggest that the Mo-bearing granitoids were derived from a source containing supracrustal materials. The type 2 zircons have extremely low and heterogeneous δ¹⁸O values (4.64–4.89‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Jidetun and Fuanpu areas. These magmas were generated by the remelting of juvenile crustal material that was previously significantly modified by interaction with fluids. Type 3 zircons generally have mantle-like δ¹⁸O values (5.42–5.57‰), with several zircons yielding higher δ¹⁸O values, suggesting that these intrusions formed from mantle-derived magmas that assimilated and were metasomatized by crustal material. Combining these geochemical data with the geology of this region indicates that the Mo-bearing granitoids were generated as a result of subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.     

The onset of post-collisional magmatism in the Macururé Domain,Sergipano Orogenic System: The Glória Norte Stock

In the northern-central portion of the Sergipano Orogenic System there is an expressive Neoproterozoic granitic magmatism with high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic affinities. The Glória Norte Stock (GNS, 45 km²) is the most important representative of the shoshonitic magmatism in one the domains of the Sergipano System, the Macururé. The contacts of the stock with the host metasedimentary rocks are discordant and steep, with generation of amphibolite facies hornfels. The GNS is made up of predominantly porphyritic quartz-monzonite and monzogranite. It shows a magmatic flow foliation defined by oriented mafic enclaves and feldspar phenocrysts, without evidence for solid state regional deformation. Mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) are abundant and present different sizes and shapes. Minette and biotite diopside cumulate enclaves are also present. Coexistence between two different magmas is indicated by crystal corrosion and dissolution textures, compositional zoning of feldspar and presence of clusters of mafic minerals. Grain size decrease towards the rims of the MME indicates fast cooling of small drops of mafic magma, due to temperature contrast with the felsic magma. The monzonites and granites of the GNS have shoshonitic affinity, and the enclaves are related to ultrapotassic suites (MgO > 3%, K₂O > 3%). LREE are enriched as compared to HREE, and there are remarkable negative anomalies of Ta, Nb, Ti, P, Sr and Eu, mostly in the enclaves. The MME have been probably formed from a mantellic magma with shoshonitic affinity. The observed evolution from MME to quartz-monzonites and monzogranites is essentially linked to a process of fractional crystallization. The relations between Ta/Yb and Th/Yb ratios suggest enriched mantle as a possible source of this magmatism. The relative enrichment in Rb, Th, Ce and Sm indicates that magma was generated in post-collisional events. The U-Pb_SHRIMP age of 588 ± 5 Ma in zircon crystals indicates that the emplacement of the GNS represents a post-collisional magmatism, marking the end of collisional processes in the Macururé Domain.     

班公湖-怒江洋形成演化新视角:兼论西藏中部古-新特提斯转换

班公湖-怒江洋的形成演化是认识班公湖-怒江成矿带成矿地质背景的关键,近几年中国地质调查局在青藏高原部署了大量1∶50000区域地质调查工作,取得了很多重要发现。对班公湖-怒江结合带两侧关键性海陆沉积地层对比研究,认为南羌塘地块与拉萨地块晚古生代-晚三叠世地层沉积特征及岩石组合基本一致,二者在班公湖-怒江中生代洋盆形成以前是一个整体,为冈瓦纳大陆北缘被动陆缘环境。班公湖-怒江洋在早中侏罗世裂解形成,至中侏罗世趋于稳定且范围最大;向北俯冲消减作用始于中晚侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世演化为残留海,早白垩世中晚期出现短暂的裂解,致使海水重新灌入;晚白垩世班公湖-怒江洋盆进入闭合后的隆升造山阶段,发生了残留盆地迁移,形成了磨拉石建造。班公湖-怒江洋类似古加勒比海(现今墨西哥湾地区)的形成机制,并与大西洋、太平洋的形成过程关系密切。对于班公湖-怒江洋的闭合和冈底斯弧的形成,本文提出了另一种可能解释,即,新特提斯洋向北俯冲下,岩浆弧逐步南迁,在弧后形成了一系列伸展性质的弧后盆地,两者组成微陆块由北向南逐渐增生形成了现今的拉萨地体,持续向北俯冲也导致了班公湖-怒江洋最终闭合。     

秦祁结合部清水-张家川基性岩形成时代和构造归属探讨

中央造山系北缘发育完整的早古生代"弧-盆"体系,而其洋内弧盆体系还是陆缘弧盆体系属性的确定,可为原特提斯域古板块构造格局和中央造山系早期造山过程的恢复提供依据。秦岭-祁连结合部清水-张家川地区出露的与原特提斯洋俯冲作用相关的基性岩形成时代和构造归属的探究,是解决中央造山系早古生代洋-陆转换过程以及东西链接等科学问题的重要内容之一。清水-张家川地区主要出露块状、枕状玄武岩以及少量辉绿岩墙和硅质岩夹层,玄武岩和辉绿岩明显富集Th、LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti元素,而Th/Nb比值则分为1. 09～2. 04和0. 18～0. 73两组,分别与岛弧和弧后裂谷熔岩相一致。另外,这些基性岩具较高的Th/Yb和εNd(t)(+4. 4～+4. 8)值,显示岩浆来自受洋壳沉积物混染的亏损地幔源区。最新LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示辉绿岩墙形成于500±3Ma。结合区域岩石地层资料,综合分析表明清水-张家川地区基性岩形成于寒武纪,早于晚奥陶世酸性火山岩和侵入岩。它们与其东、西侧北秦岭和北祁连构造带内的寒武纪-早奥陶世洋内弧和弧后盆地岩浆岩共同构成了原特提斯洋北缘早古生代洋内弧-盆体系。     

安徽高家塝钨钼矿床花岗闪长质侵入岩岩浆起源和演化及其对成矿能力的约束

安徽高家塝钨钼矿床位于江南过渡带,为一大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,矿体赋存于小型花岗闪长斑岩体及其内外接触带中,紧邻的大型花岗闪长岩体中未见矿化。为查明制约两者成矿能力差异的原因,本文从岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、黑云母矿物化学、岩石地球化学等方面分别对矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体开展了系统的对比研究。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩成岩年龄为145. 1±2. 1Ma～144. 9±2. 2Ma,花岗闪长岩为142. 5±1. 8Ma～141. 8±1. 6Ma,前者侵位结晶稍早于后者。两者具有近于一致的主量、微量、稀土和Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,显示矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体是由同一岩浆活动先后侵位到相近空间所形成,其原始岩浆具有相同的壳幔混合来源,即上涌的幔源玄武质岩浆与由其底侵引起挤压加厚的扬子下地壳部分熔融岩浆的混合,与长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区中酸性侵入岩不同的是,岩浆在上升过程中或滞留于浅位岩浆房中时明显地同化混染了扬子上地壳物质。然而,起源相同的花岗闪长质岩浆历经演化并先后侵位结晶时,其岩浆特征和结晶条件发生了显著变化,表现为:花岗闪长斑岩结晶时继承大量元古代锆石,花岗闪长岩则较少见有继承锆石,综合两者岩体特征和侵位结晶条件,显示前者岩浆熔体规模小、岩浆温度低、冷却结晶较快,岩体形成于富含F、Cl和相对还原的环境;而后者岩浆熔体规模巨大,岩浆温度相对较高,冷却结晶慢,岩体形成于贫F、Cl和相对氧化的环境。这在一定程度上影响了矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体的成矿能力,演化早期偏还原性的花岗闪长斑岩岩浆以及其中较高的F、Cl含量更有利于钨富集于岩浆期后热液流体中,进而形成大型钨(钼)矿床。此外,相较于大型花岗闪长岩体而言,浅成侵位的小型花岗闪长斑岩体具有更为发育的裂隙系统以及受围岩更大影响而发生强烈矽卡岩化,也为矿质富集和沉淀提供了有利条件。本文研究为皖南地区钨(钼)矿床的找矿勘探及成矿模式的建立提供了新依据。