华南相山铀矿田成矿条件及发展前景

华南中生代陆相火山岩分布广泛，火山活动起始于１７５Ｍａ，结束于７５Ｍａ，早期为高钾钙碱系列、晚期以双峰式火山岩为特征。与火山岩有关的铀矿床不仅数量多、储量大，而且矿化类型也比较复杂，因而引起国内外地质学家的关注。位于华南中生代陆相火山岩带西缘的相山矿田是我国火山岩型铀矿床的典型代表。矿田受区域构造和火山构造联合控制。组成火山盆地盖层的主体岩性为晚侏罗世的碎斑熔岩和流纹英安岩，基底为震旦纪变质岩。与碱交代有关的早期铀矿化分布在盆地的东部，与酸碱交替交代有关的铀、钍矿化分布在盆地西部。矿化垂幅达千米。矿田具有良好的成矿条件。近几年由于基础工作和科研工作的加强，矿田地质勘查取得了令人瞩目的进展，一批新矿床被发现，老矿床不断扩大。其中邹家山矿床已跨入超大型铀矿床的行列，表明相山矿田具有较大的找矿潜力。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带中铅锌矿床的成矿特征

西藏冈底斯成矿带是位于雅鲁藏布江结合带与班公湖—怒江结合带之间的世界级巨型铜多金属成矿带。冈底斯成矿带中铅锌矿床主要有夕卡岩型(接触交代夕卡岩型和层控夕卡岩型)和充填热液脉型2类,矿床的形成与岩浆活动关系密切,成矿时代分为中生代燕山晚期((157.41±1.20)Ma)、新生代喜山早期(65～40Ma)和喜山晚期(25～10Ma)等3期。其中,喜山早期为夕卡岩型铅锌矿床最重要的成矿期,喜山晚期为充填热液脉型铅锌矿床的主成矿期。赋矿地层主要为晚古生代石炭-二叠系,其次为中生代侏罗系—白垩系。矿床具有呈EW向带状、SN向串状分布的特征,在局部构造单元内矿床呈丛聚性分布规律。重要的地质事件控制着矿床的形成,是2期或多期地质事件联合作用的结果。层控夕卡岩型铅锌矿是冈底斯成矿带的重要矿化类型之一,往往由热水沉积作用、多期构造改造及岩浆热液活动相互叠加富集而成。     

西藏昌都地区拉拢拉类MVT铅锌矿床矿化特征与成因研究

昌都地区位于青藏高原碰撞造山带东北部,是西南三江Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag成矿带重要组成部分,区内碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床大量产出,成矿明显受到新生代区域逆冲推覆构造系统控制.拉拢拉铅锌矿床位于昌都地区最具代表性的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿集区西南部,是区内铅锌矿床的典型代表.为了填补三江带昌都地区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床的研究空白,笔者在对拉拢拉矿区详细地质填图基础上,深入剖析了铅锌矿化成因,建立了铅锌成矿模型.矿区铅锌矿体产于逆冲断层上盘,主要呈透镜体状沿上三叠统甲丕拉组泥页岩和波里拉组灰岩岩性分界面展布,角砾状和网脉状为主要矿石构造,方铅矿、闪锌矿和菱锌矿为主要矿石矿物,矿体控矿要素和产状代表了三江带碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床的一种全新矿床式,命名为拉拢拉式.矿区主要成矿过程划分为硫化物期(Ⅰ)和硫化物-碳酸盐期(Ⅱ),两期之间以一期构造活动相隔.Ⅰ期发育富液相LV流体包裹体和富CO2和CH4的LV流体包裹体两种类型,显微测温显示出低温(130 ～ 140℃)、高盐(23％ ～ 24％ NaCleqv)、中高密度(1.10～1.12g·cm-3)和中低温(170～180℃)、高盐(23％ ～24％ NaCleqv)、中低密度(1.06～ 1.08g· cm-3)两种特征.两期矿化流体均为Ca2+-Mg2+-Na+-K+-SO42--Cl--F--NO3-卤水体系,其离子含量相近,H-O同位素组成相似(δDC-SMOW为-137‰ ～-110‰,δ18 OV-SMOW为-2.92‰ ～ 13.42‰),形成方解石的C-O同位素分布规律一致(δ13CV-PDB为0.9‰～ 7.2‰,δ18OV-SMOW为9.1‰ ～ 26.5‰),揭示矿区至少存在两种流体来源,分别为中低温度、高盐度盆地卤水和由大气降水、地层封存蒸发浓缩海水及区域变质水混合而成的区域流体.两期矿化中矿物S同位素组成相近,硫化物δ34S为负值(-24.7‰ ～-11.5‰),重晶石δ34S为正值(11.3‰～22.9‰),第三纪石膏δ34S值(2‰～4.7‰)介于二者之间,反映还原硫主要来自生物还原第三纪盆地下渗的盆地卤水和灰岩地层封存的蒸发浓缩海水中的硫酸盐,富含金属物质的外来流体与富含还原硫的本地流体的混合是金属物质在矿区卸载的主要方式.两期方铅矿Pb同位素组成一致,206pb/204 Pb、207pb/204Pb和208 pb/204 Pb比值分别为18.8646 ～18.8835,15.6619 ～15.6677和38.9404～ 38.9796,推测成矿物质来自造山带内从变质基底到盖层灰岩(甚至碎屑岩)的多套地层.综合对比拉拢拉矿床与三江带内碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床,提出拉拢拉矿床与区域铅锌矿床成因类型一致,为受逆冲推覆构造控制的类MVT铅锌矿床,其代表的拉拢拉式矿床成矿模型可简述如下:逆冲推覆构造在碳酸盐岩地层中形成构造圈闭,第三纪盆地卤水下渗汇聚及伴随的硫酸盐生物还原作用形成富含H2S的本地流体储库;区域挤压变形释放的区域流体沿逆冲推覆主滑脱带运移,交换基底及盖层中的成矿物质,形成富含Pb-Zn-卤素络合物的外来流体;逆冲断层断后伸展导致区域流体沿相关开放空间上升至灰岩与泥页岩分界面这一上下封闭的有利空间与本地流体混合,铅锌硫化物及铅锌碳酸盐沉淀,金属物质卸载,形成以透镜状为主的矿体沿岩性分界面展布.     

Helium Isotope Geochemistry of Ore-forming Fluids from Furong Tin Orefield in Hunan Province, China

Abstract. The Furong tin orefield, located in southern Hunan, China, is a newly-discovered super-large tin orefield. In contrast to most other tin deposits associated with S-type granites, the Furong tin deposit is closely associated with the Qitianling A-type granite. The ³He/⁴He ratios of fluid inclusions in pyrite and arsenopyrite from this orefield range from 0.13 to 2.95 Ra. The influence of various post-mineralization processes on the helium isotopic composition of ore-forming fluid inclusions are estimated negligible. Thus, the analytical values of helium isotopic composition basically represent the original values of ore-forming fluids at the time they were trapped.
The ³He/⁴He ratios of ore-forming fluids from the Furong orefield indicate the existence of mantle-source components. It supports the idea that both the Furong tin orefield and Qitianling granite formed under the geodynamic background of mantle upwelling and crustal extension.     

繁昌盆地张家冲铅锌矿地质特征及成矿规律

长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区,长期以来为国内外研究的热点地区之一,但大都集中于研究Cu、Au、S、Fe等矿产,而铅锌矿的相关报道或科研工作相对较少。铜陵张家冲铅锌矿位于长江中下游成矿带繁昌盆地内,属次火山口控制的铅锌矿,是繁昌火山岩盆地内发现的第一个有色金属矿床,同时也是通过对盆地内硅化带的系统解剖发现的矿床,有着较高的科研和生产价值。笔者近年来组织了对该区的施工,提交(332+333)铅锌矿石资源量675.87×104t,Pb+Zn金属量11.90×104t。本文旨在通过对该区铅锌矿地质特征、矿床成因、找矿标志及成矿规律等进行总结,进一步丰富该地区成矿模式和理论,为本区乃至整个繁昌盆地下步找矿提供参考和借鉴。     

锗的地球化学及资源储备展望

锗是众多高新技术领域的重要原材料,随着无人驾驶、5G、太阳能电池和催化剂等产业的飞速发展,锗在中国及全球未来需求量将十分巨大,在国民经济建设中具有重要地位,许多国家将其作为国家重要战略资源进行严格控制、管理和储备,因此,锗资源的地质勘探和战略储备是今后国家持续发展的重要需要。文章总结了锗的地球化学性质、晶体化学及矿物学、地球化学行为控制因素、全球富锗矿床类型等,根据我国锗资源特征,结合"川滇黔铅锌矿集区"内多数矿床中锗超常富集普遍现象,提出该区可作为中国锗资源战略储备基地,具有巨大潜在经济价值。开展"川滇黔铅锌矿集区"锗超常富集机理研究,不仅可以补充和完善锗地球化学行为的科学内容,提供认识该区铅锌成矿作用的重要地球化学信息,更重要的是为地质勘探的深入和综合利用该区锗资源提供科学依据,从而为建立中国锗资源战略储备基地提供实际地质地球化学支撑。虽然中国是全球最大的锗生产国和出口国,但其产品多为初级产品,加强锗产品深加工研发不仅具有广阔的前景,也将是中国锗资源综合利用发展趋势。     

Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types: limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation(Nw) and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization(i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma).The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type(MVT) deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.     

四川祁家河铅锌硫多金属矿选矿试验研究

对四川祁家河铅锌硫多金属矿采用优先浮选流程,实现了铅、锌、硫的有效分离回收,获得了的铅品位和回收率分别为55.50％和75.45％的铅精矿,锌的品位和回收率分别为50.58％和92.87％的锌精矿,硫的品位和回收率分别为47.22％和71.76％的硫精矿.     

藏南吉松铅锌矿流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

吉松铅锌矿床位于喜马拉雅造山带东部,矿体由石英-方解石-硫化物脉组成,主要受北东向断裂构造控制。矿石矿物组合为闪锌矿、方铅矿和少量磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿;脉石矿物包括石英、方解石、毒砂和黄铁矿等。矿床可划分为：Ⅰ.毒砂-黄铁矿-石英阶段;Ⅱ.磁黄铁矿-闪锌矿-方铅矿-黄铜矿-石英阶段;Ⅲ.石英-方解石-黄铁矿阶段;Ⅳ.表生氧化阶段。石英、方解石中包裹体以气液两相水包裹体为主,含少量CO₂包裹体和纯液相水包裹体。成矿流体特征为中低温度、低盐度、低密度,显微测温结果显示：Ⅰ 阶段的均一温度范围225~345 ℃,盐度为0.21%~11.93% NaCl eqv;Ⅱ 阶段的均一温度范围145~339 ℃,盐度为0.35%~13.26% NaCl eqv;Ⅲ 阶段的均一温度范围210~350 ℃,盐度为0.35%~15.31% NaCl eqv。流体包裹体特征表明成矿流体发生了沸腾作用,可能是矿质沉淀的主要原因。分析表明该矿床为中低温热液脉型铅锌矿床。     

闽中梅仙丁家山铅锌矿床硫化物微量元素地球化学特征及其成矿意义

梅仙丁家山铅锌矿床是闽中新元古代马面山群中多个大中型铅锌多金属矿床的典型代表.本文以丁家山铅锌矿床两类矿石(含磁黄铁矿矿石和含磁铁矿矿石)内的闪锌矿和黄铁矿为研究对象,通过电子探针及LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析技术,揭示二者的微量元素组成和赋存状态,探讨成矿温度及矿床成因方面的重要信息.分析结果显示:闪锌矿内Fe、Mn、Cd、Cu、In、Pb、Bi元素较为富集,两类矿石内的闪锌矿除Fe元素含量相差较大以外(平均值分别为9.3％和1.7％),其他元素含量并无明显差异;电子探针面扫描和LA-ICP-MS剥蚀图像显示元素Mn、Cd、In以类质同象形式存在,而Fe、Cu、Pb、Bi则有类质同象和显微包体2种存在形式.黄铁矿微量元素含量整体较低,元素Co、Ni、Pb、Bi相对富集,Ni、Mn主要以类质同象形式存在,Cu、Co有类质同象替换和显微包体2种形式,Pb、Bi主要以方铅矿包体形式存在.两类矿石中的闪锌矿Zn/Cd比值分别在120～150之间和93～210之间,均指示中温成矿条件.两类闪锌矿内Fe、Cd、Mn元素含量特征与典型矽卡岩型矿床内的闪锌矿相吻合;矿床内硫化物硫同位素组成揭示成矿物质来自于岩浆岩.上述证据共同支持梅仙丁家山铅锌矿矿床属矽卡岩型矿床.