山东省地下水超采漏斗发展演变分析

地下水超采漏斗是山东省平原区最为突出的环境问题.根据多年来地下水动态监测资料,简要分析了山东省平原区浅层地下水超采漏斗的发展过程、发展演变特征及发展原因,旨在为山东省地下水合理开发、有效保护、科学管理及有效控制地下水超采提供依据.     

济阳坳陷内正断层与平移断层关系

以精细三维地震资料和构造解释成果为基础,通过将济阳坳陷内平移断层分成五个发育带,本文研究了各区带平移断层特征及其成因,并将正断层与平移断层的关系划分成了调节、派生、叠加三大类:调节关系包括平移断层斜断调节和变换调节正断层伸展,派生关系包括平移断层在两盘派生和在盖层中派生正断层,叠加关系包括断层先期平移一后期伸展和先期伸展一后期平移。晚中生代,济阳坳陷内断层形成于边界郯庐断裂的走滑作用,正断层与平移断层之间为派生关系;新生代,济阳坳陷受控于区域伸展应力场,平移断层形成于正断层的差异伸展,两种断层之间为调节关系;在上述两期构造演化中,若同一条断层经历了正断和平移两期变形,则称之为叠加关系。     

Present and Late Pleistocene equilibrium line altitudes in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle (LGC) and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage (Meteorological Station glacier advance) took place about 11 ka (11.3±1.2 ka), and the last glacial maximum (LGM), named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, occurred at 20 ka (20.0±2.1 ka). Based on the Ohmura’s formula in which there is a relationship between summer (JJA) atmospheric temperature (T) and the annual precipitation (P) at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude (ELAt) in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation–area ratio (AAR), maximum elevation of lateral moraines (MELM), toe–to headwall altitude ratios (THAR), the terminal to summit altitudinal (TSAM), the altitude of cirque floor (CF), and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area (Hofer) were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250–2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope, and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The ELA △ values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about 920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwanese and Japanese mountains in East Asia during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations (i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM and 11 m in the Late Glacial) is not obvious.     

Impact of Boundary-Layer Parameterisation Schemes on the Prediction of the Asian Summer Monsoon

The impact of two boundary-layer parameterisation schemes on the prediction of Indian monsoon systems by a global spectral model has been investigated. The turbulent kinetic energy closure scheme shows a positive impact on the prediction of some important synoptic features, including the genesis of monsoon lows, the tracking of monsoon depressions, and precipitation.     

南疆西部大降水天气过程的统计分析

对南疆西部1970－1999年大降水天气过程的分析表明，大降水集中出现在夏季，中亚低涡是造成南疆西部大降水的主要影响系统。     

Re-evaluation of focal depths and source mechanisms of selected earthquakes in the Afar depression

We present a stepwise inversion procedure to assess the focal depth and model earthquake source complexity of seven moderate-sized earthquakes  (6.2 > M _w > 5.1)  that occurred in the Afar depression and the surrounding region. The Afar depression is a region of highly extended and intruded lithosphere, and zones of incipient seafloor spreading. A time-domain inversion of full moment tensor was performed to model direct P and SH waves of teleseismic data. Waveform inversion of the selected events estimated focal depths in the range of 17–22 km, deeper than previously published results. This suggests that the brittle–ductile transition zone beneath parts of the Afar depression extends more than 22 km. The effect of near-source velocity structure on the moment tensor elements was also investigated and was found to respond little to the models considered. Synthetic tests indicate that the size of the estimated, non-physical, non-isotropic source component is rather sensitive to incorrect depth estimation. The dominant double couple part of the moment tensor solutions for most of the events indicates that their occurrence is mainly due to shearing. Parameters associated with source directivity (rupture velocity and azimuth) were also investigated. Re-evaluation of the analysed events shows predominantly normal faulting consistent with the relative plate motions in the region.     

东濮凹陷沙一段源岩的成烃动力学参数特征

运用成烃动力学原理对东濮凹陷沙一段源岩进行研究表明,沙一段源岩中的成烃有机质具有非均质性．沙一段目前正在生烃的活化能范围为90kJ／mol～110kJ／mol之间．对应的成熟生烃门限埋深约在2200m左右。该结果为评价沙一段源岩提供了基于动力学上的证据．同时对推进沙一段的油气勘探具有积极意义。     

氩同位素用于库车坳陷天然气主力气源岩判识

稀有气体是天然气中指示其地球化学特征的重要组分,放射成因氩( Arr)的年代积累效应广泛应用于同位素定年和天然气的气源对比.本文系统地讨论了 40Ar的形成机理及其运移进入气藏的过程,利用 40Ar的母体元素 K在煤和煤系泥岩中的丰度差异,分析了以煤和煤系泥岩为母源的天然气 40Ar/36Ar同位素组成上的不同,并利用这种差异对煤系中煤岩或煤系泥岩为源岩的天然气藏的主力源岩进行了判识,继而建立了利用氩同位素组成判识煤系烃源岩主力源岩的方法.利用此方法对塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系煤与煤系泥岩互层的烃源岩进行了探讨, 数学计算结果表明该区主力源岩为煤系泥岩, 煤对天然气藏的贡献较小.     

银额盆地哈日凹陷Y井天然气产层时代厘定及其意义

银额盆地哈日凹陷Y井钻遇多层天然气显示层,并对井深2946.0~2951.0m井段射孔压裂,获天然气9.15×104m3/d(无阻流量)。对浅层天然气显示层确定为白垩系银根组无异议,但获得工业气流的产层时代归属尚存争议。通过镜质体反射率(Ro)随深度的变化规律的研究,以及利用钻井岩心实验分析获得泥岩地球化学特征对沉积物源区沉积环境的判别,约束了二叠系与白垩系巴音戈壁组的不整合界面位于第9次取心(岩心底深2593.80m)与第10次取心(岩心顶深2909.60m)之间;地球物理测井自然伽马、电阻率等曲线在2792.0m出现突变,确定二叠系与白垩系巴音戈壁组的不整合界面为2792.0m。明确了Y井天然气产层为二叠系,指示了二叠系良好的油气资源前景,区内今后油气勘探应以二叠系为主要目的层。     

内蒙古南部晚二叠世同生变形构造与陆缘裂陷

内蒙南部林西县至正镶白旗林西—正镶白旗地区晚二叠世地层中,发现类型繁多的同生变形构造。除前人报道的滑卷层理、滑塌褶皱、滑塌砾岩和浊积砂砾岩以外,还有本文首次发现的大量球状体,包括滚动纺锤体、叠加滑卷球核、砾核滚动球、砂质滚动球和泥质滚动球。形态结构、成分组成和地层分布研究表明,这些构造形体均属重力成因和形成在陆棚—斜坡上。不同类型的构造形体可以组成来源演变序列,显示重力作用的加强,如滑卷层理通过"叠加滑卷"变成滑卷叠加球核,再通过"滚动粘结"变成滚动球体。它们形成和保存都受特定环境因素控制,因此各自具有特殊指相意义。大量同生变形构造出现,反映沿华北板块北缘出现陆棚、斜坡和深水海槽环境,证明晚二叠世兴—蒙海槽再次裂开,并形成"林西—九台裂陷带"。