GGR Critical Review of Analytical Developments in 2008–2009: An Introduction

This collection of articles represents the fourth in a series of reviews in which authors have aimed at capturing the key advances in a range of analytical fields ( Hergt et al. 2005, 2006, 2008 ). The publication period under review is 2008–2009 and the intention here is to provide readers with a summary of the most influential developments published during this period, across a broad range of topics appropriate to the Earth and environmental sciences. Most authors comment on the ways in which the emphases of research in their specific fields of examination have changed over time. All note an increase in rigour and focus on data quality. Whether advances have taken place in instrumentation, sample manipulation or data deconvolution, there are a large number of dedicated scientists out there contributing to the high quality of geochemical data employed in geological and environmental research.     

Geochemical characterization of the mining district of Linares (Jaen,Spain) by means of XRF and ICP-AES

Linares (Jaen, Spain) has been subjected to an intense mining and metallurgic activity during 2500 years. Basically, lead and silver have been extracted from galena; as well as copper and zinc. Different studies have been conducted to evaluate trace element concentrations to obtain relationships with anthropogenic and geologic factors. The analytical results of these studies have been obtained with ICP-AES. This analytical technique is relatively expensive and inaccessible in zones with scarce economic means. In this study, XRF analyses have been conducted and the obtained results are presented, as well as a comparison with the previously obtained ICP results. In both cases, a cluster analysis has been made to try to identify the same relations in the target area. 5 groups have been identified, mainly related with lithology. Only 10 of the 122 grid squares (each one of 1 km²) are classified in different groups if the cluster analysis is conducted with XRF results or ICP results. ICP classifies better where these grid squares are located, mostly, in contact zones of different lithologies.     

Zachery处理绿松石的探讨

现在市面上所谓的"美国松"其实大多经过一种Zachery的处理方法,本文采用放大观察、紫外-可见光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪等测试手段,对Zachery处理绿松石进行了宝石学、矿物学、化学成分和谱学特征的研究.结果显示,由于自然界产出的绿松石的光泽、结构、密度、硬度等变化范围较大,因此常规宝石学测试无法区分Zachery处理绿松石,紫外-可见光谱仪和红外光谱也无法鉴定Zachery处理的绿松石,只有X荧光光谱仪测试结果显示K⁺元素含量高以及扫描电镜显示表面具结晶现象可以作为绿松石经过Zachery处理的准确判断依据.     

应用X射线衍射-红外光谱等技术研究滑石在机械力研磨中的形貌和晶体结构变化及影响机制

滑石的颗粒粒径、形貌、晶型等对其应用的实效性、终端产品的性能产生极大影响,目前主要研究其表面改性,而有关微观形貌及晶体结构研究较少。本文利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射分析、红外光谱、粒度分析仪结合高分辨场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)技术对辽宁滑石粉在高强度机械力研磨作用下的微形貌和晶体结构变化特征进行系统研究。结果表明滑石粉原矿混合物中MgO与SiO2的分子个数比约为0.45,该数值明显低于纯滑石粉晶体中MgO与SiO2的分子个数比0.75。此类滑石为典型的单斜晶系,研磨作用使滑石粉由晶态转变为非晶态结构,其层状结构的有序化和键合作用发生了明显的变化。滑石粒度随研磨时间变化呈现减小-增大-减小的循环过程。研磨后粉体形貌存在差异,细化的小颗粒粉体因团聚而呈"准球体",且随着研磨的进行出现细化-团聚-细化的反复过程。此结论对于滑石的深加工与应用及其相关矿物粉体的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

现场多参数X荧光测量在川西“金三角”地区快速追踪金异常源确定？…

采用微机化携带式多元素X荧光仪 ,通过现场进行多元素测量获取多种找矿信息。利用多种X荧光信息间的相互验证、相互补充 ,准确确定找矿靶位 ,提高了找矿成功率。在“金三角”地区的金矿找矿中 ,该技术取得了良好的找矿效果     

Planetary X-ray fluorescence analogue laboratory experiments and an elemental abundance algorithm for C1XS

We have conducted laboratory experiments as an analogue to planetary XRF (X-ray fluorescence) missions in order to investigate the role of changing incidence (and phase) angle geometry and sample grain-size on the intensity of XRF from regolith-like samples. Our data provide evidence of a grain-size effect, where XRF line intensity decreases with increasing sample grain-size, as well as an almost ubiquitous increase in XRF line intensity above incidence angles of ∼60°. Data from a lunar regolith simulant are also used to test the accuracy of an XRF abundance algorithm developed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), which is used to estimate the major element abundance of the lunar surface from Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) XRF data. In ideal situations (i.e., when the input spectrum is well defined and the XRF spectrum has a sufficient signal to noise ratio) the algorithm can recover a known rock composition to within 1.0 elemental wt% (1σ).     

XRF岩心扫描在第四纪沉积物研究中的应用

自20世纪以来,X射线荧光光谱分析在地质、环境、材料和冶金等诸多领域已经得到了广泛运用。随着IODP等大洋钻探计划的实施,能够进行定量、快速、高分辨率分析的船载系列XRF岩心扫描应运而生。XRF岩心扫描法的优势在于快速、无损、连续测试,对样品制备要求低以及扫描结果的分辨率高。详尽介绍了XRF岩心扫描法的基本原理、测试方法及扫描效果影响因素,并分析了部分影响因素的解决方法,同时结合常见的第四纪沉积物,如海洋沉积物、湖泊沉积物、黄土、石笋和珊瑚等,就主要的元素及元素比率指标等所代指的环境意义进行了讨论,揭示了XRF岩心扫描仪在第四纪沉积物研究中的应用与发展前景。     

Neutron Activation Analysis, Atomic Absorption and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Review for 2003

This review for the year 2003 deals with three relatively well-established, mature, analytical techniques (neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry) that nevertheless remain very important for the characterisation of geological and environmental samples. Developments in neutron activation analysis included modification to the technique in relation to the determination of platinum-group elements, as well as consideration of sample size in ore grade estimation. A considerable body of literature was published on the application of atomic absorption spectrometry in the analysis of environmental samples. Many of these proposed technical and methodological improvements, notably in extraction procedures. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry saw developments in in situ analysis, synchrotron micro-XRF (μ-SRXRF) and a confocal X-ray set-up for 3D elemental imaging. XRF technologies were used in the analysis of geological samples, reference materials, glasses, solutes and environmental materials.     

X射线荧光光谱分析用的玻璃熔片与保存时间

Ｘ射线荧光分析用的Ｌｉ２Ｂ４Ｏ７玻璃熔片经长期放置后，Ｍｇ，Ｓｉ和Ａｌ等元素的Ｘ射线强度发生了很大变化，尤其是Ｍｇ的强度增大很多，以至无法进行准确分析，对于长期放置的熔片，可以用重新熔融的方法进行处理。