0103号台风"榴莲"强度变化特征及暴雨成因的分析

应用天气图、探空资料、台风年鉴,逐小时降水和TBB资料,对0103号台风登陆后强度的变化和暴雨过程进行了分析,发现0103号台风暴雨过程是由两次中尺度暴雨过程构成的,分别发生于迅速减弱和持续阶段.通过对200 hPa西风槽的发展,低空急流和热带对流云图以及台风登陆前后台风和暴雨区热力、动力场特征的分析,取得一些初步的结果,这些结果将对今后进一步的研究和预报有一定的帮助.     

甘肃省伏旱短期气候概率预测

用ＥＯＦ和ＲＥＯＦ将甘肃省信期降水分为７个区域,并在每个区域选取一个代表站,设计出既能反映伏期降水多少,又能反映伏期旱段长度的伏旱强度指数。将伏旱强度与指数与伏旱发生的概率关系起来,通过对大气环流特征指数,地面气象要素等因子的分析,利用逐步回归分析和多级逐步判别分析方法,建立了甘肃省几个代表站的伏期干旱指数和概率预测方程,提出了集成概率预测的概念,最后给出了对伏旱概念率预测进行评估一种方法。     

The Role of β-effect and a Uniform Current on Tropical Cyclone Intensity

A limited-area primitive equation model is used to study the role of the β-effect and a uniform current on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity.It is found that TC intensity is reduced in a non-quiescent environment compared with the case of no uniform current.On an f-plane,the rate of intensification of a tropical cyclone is larger than that of the uniform flow.A TC on a β-plane intensifies slower than one on an f-plane.The main physical characteristic that distinguishes the experiments is the asymmetric thermodynamic (including convective) and dynamic structures present when either a uniform flow or β-effect is introduced.But a fairly symmetric TC structure is simulated on an f-plane.The magnitude of the warm core and the associated subsidence are found to be responsible for such simulated intensity changes.On an f-plane,the convection tends to be symmetric,which results in strong upper-level convergence near the center and hence strong forced subsidence and a very warm core.On the other hand,horizontal advection of temperature cancels part of the adiabatic heating and results in less warming of the core,and hence the TC is not as intense.This advective process is due to the tilt of the vortex as a result of the β-effect.A similar situation occurs in the presence of a uniform flow.Thus,the asymmetric horizontal advection of temperature plays an important role in the temperature distribution.Dynamically,the asymmetric angular momentum (AM) flux is very small on an f-plane throughout the troposphere.However,the total AM exports at the upper levels for a TC either on aβ-plane or with a uniform flow environment are larger because of an increase of the asymmetric as well as symmetric AM export on the plane at radii ＞450 km,and hence there is a lesser intensification.     

北半球4月份500hPa月平均场遥相关型及其与我国降水异常的关系

用一点相关法计算了春季４月份北半球５００ｈＰａ遥相关型，得出４月存在５个遥相关型。它们的中心位置与冬季相比已有了较大的改变。计算了１９５１￣１９９０年各遥相关型的逐年强度指数。研究了它们的年际变化，指出４月的西太平洋型（ＷＰ）、欧亚型（ＥＵ）的强、弱是我国４月份大范围旱涝的主要原因。     

臭氧、保鲜剂及温度对哈密瓜呼吸强度及贮藏效果的影响

本文研究了不同温度、不同浓度臭氧溶液和保鲜剂溶液处理对哈密瓜呼吸强度及贮藏效果的影响。实验结果表明。低温有利降低了哈密瓜的呼吸强度，其中4℃是较佳的贮藏温度，2℃贮温会使哈密瓜发生冷害。500mg／L、750mg／L、1000mg／L浓度的伊麦唑与伊源果蜡复合使用能够降低哈密瓜的呼吸强度，但三个处理组之间对瓜呼吸强度影响的差异不明显。     

Identification and analysis of high-frequency oscillations in the eyewalls of tropical cyclones

High-frequency oscillations, with periods of about 2 hours, are first identified by applying wavelet analysis to observed minutely wind speeds around the eye and eyewall of tropical cyclones(TCs). Analysis of a model simulation of Typhoon Hagupit(2008) shows that the oscillations also occur in the TC intensity, vertical motion, convergence activity and air density around the eyewall. Sequences of oscillations in these variables follow a certain order.     

EFFECT OF DRY COLD AIR ACTIVITY ON THE OFFSHORE RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF SUPER TYPHOON SAOMAI (2006): A NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESEARCH

Employing the mesoscale WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model, Super Typhoon Saomai (2006) is simulated. The variation of track and intensity and its offshore rapid intensification process are well demonstrated by the model, and the temperature and humidity patterns associated with the dry cold air activity and their impact on and mechanism of the offshore rapid intensification of Saomai are mainly studied in this paper. The results indicate that high-resolution water vapor imagery can visually reveal the development, evolution, interaction as well as the mutual complementation of the dry cold air activity accompanied with the development of Saomai. The offshore rapid intensification phenomenon of Saomai is closely related to the dry cold air which originates from the upper- and mid- troposphere. Besides, the dry cold air from the upper troposphere is stronger than that from the mid-troposphere. Saomai intensifies as the dry cold air from the northwest moves toward its circulation but weakens when the dry cold air from the southwest is drawn into the storm. Dry cold airflows and their cold advection effect caused by the downward motion across the isentropic surface are favorable to the development of Saomai. The dry cold air always moves along an isentropic surface from the upper troposphere to the mid-troposphere around the typhoon circulation and contributes to Saomai’s abrupt intensity change.     

登陆台湾岛热带气旋强度和结构变化的统计分析

利用1949—2008年共60年的《台风年鉴》、《热带气旋年鉴》资料及CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集,2001—2008年美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)热带气旋尺度相关资料及日本气象厅(JMA)的TBB资料,统计分析西北太平洋(包括南海)热带气旋(TC)在登陆台湾过程中强度和结构变化的基本特征,主要结论有:(1)TC登陆台湾时强度为台风及以上级别的样本数占总样本数约60%,主要出现在6—9月,东部登陆TC的强度一般比在西部登陆的强;(2)大部分TC在岛上维持6 h左右,登陆时最大风速≤5级和强度为超强台风的TC穿越台湾岛时移动比较缓慢;(3)126个登陆台湾的TC样本过岛后近中心海平面气压平均增加5.61 hPa,近中心最大风速平均减小3.58 m/s,在台湾东部地区登陆TC的衰减率比在西部登陆的大3倍左右;(4)TC在登陆台湾前6 h至离岛后6 h期间其8级和10级风圈半径均明显减小,TC形状略呈长轴为NE-SW向的椭圆状,而其最大风速的半径却逐渐增大;(5)TBB分析结果显示,TC登陆台湾前,其外围对流主要出现在南侧和西侧,结构不对称,登陆以后,TC北部及东部的对流显著发展,外围结构区域对称;但中心附近的强对流则从登陆前6 h开始逐渐减弱消失。表明TC穿越台湾过程中内核结构松散、强度减弱。     

热带气旋过台湾后再次登陆的路径强度变化统计分析

登陆台湾后再次登陆大陆的热带气旋(TC)由于受复杂下垫面及中低纬天气系统的共同影响,过岛后在海峡内的路径、强度及结构变化复杂,导致登陆大陆的精确化定位、定强及预报难度大。分析了1949—2017年二次登陆的81个热带气旋路径及强度变化特征,并对上海台风所(CMA/STI)、美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)及东京区域台风中心(RSMC-Tokyo)的热带气旋最佳路径数据中过岛热带气旋的定位定强进行对比分析。结果表明:二次登陆大陆热带气旋强度以减弱为主,少数热带气旋在海峡内增强;过岛后热带气旋路径多数会发生明显偏折,但三家最佳路径资料判断的偏折趋势不一致;由于热带气旋过岛时结构遭到破坏,定位定强难度增大,导致三个业务中心对其定位定强的差异较大,这种不确定性增大了其路径和强度监测预报的难度。     

紫外线辐射强度预报模型研究

以陈万隆的到达地面的紫外辐射的参数化方案、Frederick模式中的高度修正方程和NWS的云量修正方程为基础。建立了一个到达地面紫外总辐射的预测模型。进行紫外线辐射强度预报。结果表明：模型能很好地反映出晴天紫外线辐射强度的变化趋势及其规律。少云、多云和阴天由于天空状况复杂，预报误差相对较大。但基本上能反映出紫外线辐射强度的变化情况。模型考虑因子较全面，可以用于城市紫外线辐射强度预报。